The sonographic morphology of musculus palmaris longus in humans.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The aim of this work was to describe morphology and morphometry of musculus palmaris longus and compare the outcome of Shaeffer's test with ultrasound imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty forearms of 20 healthy volunteers (11 females, 9 males) were tested by Shaeffer's test and ultrasound imaging. Anthropological measurements of the forearm and ultrasound guided measurements of musculus palmaris longus were taken. The outcome was tested for statistical significance by Fisher's test. RESULTS: The examination revealed agenesis of palmaris longus in 6 cases, as well as 6 muscles showing quality variations. The Shaeffer's test gave 4 false-negative results. 28 muscles were described as spindle-shaped and 8 as pennated or bipennated. However, all the spindle-shaped muscles demonstrated a tendon going inside of the muscle's belly ranging from 2 cm to 11.5 cm. The relation between the circumference of the forearm right below the elbow (mean 15.38 cm, SD 1.83 cm) and the approximated volume of the palmaris longus muscle's belly (mean 4.72 cm3, SD 1.57 cm3) proved to be statistically significant (Fisher's test p-value < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Uncommon morphological variations have been shown. Spindle-shaped muscles have proved to have their tendons continued inside them. Palmaris longus muscle's belly has proved to take significant amount of volume within the proximal forearm. Shaeffer's test has shown to have 10% false-negative ratio.