Source apportionment of an epiphytic lichen biomonitor to elucidate the sources and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region, Alberta, Canada.
Sci Total Environ
; 654: 1241-1257, 2019 Mar 01.
Article
em En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-30841398
ABSTRACT
The sources and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) atmospheric deposition in the boreal forests surrounding bitumen production operations in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR), Alberta, Canada were investigated as part of a 2014 passive in-situ bioindicator source apportionment study. Epiphytic lichen species Hypogymnia physodes samples (nâ¯=â¯127) were collected within a 150â¯km radius of the main surface oil sand production operations and analyzed for total sulfur, total nitrogen, forty-three elements, twenty-two PAHs, ten groups of C1-C2-alkyl PAHs and dibenzothiophenes (polycyclic aromatic compounds; PACs), five C1- and C2-alkyldibenzothiophenes, and retene. The ΣPAHâ¯+â¯PAC in H. physodes ranged from 54 to 2778â¯ngâ¯g-1 with a median concentration of 317â¯ngâ¯g-1. Source apportionment modeling found an eight-factor solution that explained 99% of the measured ΣPAHâ¯+â¯PAC lichen concentrations from four anthropogenic oil sands production sources (Petroleum Coke, Haul Road Dust, Stack Emissions, Raw Oil Sand), two local/regional sources (Biomass Combustion, Mobile Source), and two lichen biogeochemical factors. Petroleum Coke and Raw Oil Sand dust were identified as the major contributing sources of ΣPAHâ¯+â¯PAC in the AOSR. These two sources accounted for 63% (43.2⯵gâ¯g-1) of ΣPAHâ¯+â¯PAC deposition to the entire study domain. Of this overall 43.2⯵gâ¯g-1 contribution, approximately 90% (39.9⯵gâ¯g-1) ΣPAHâ¯+â¯PAC was deposited within 25â¯km of the closest oil sand production facility. Regional sources (Biomass Combustion and Mobile Sources) accounted for 19% of ΣPAHâ¯+â¯PAC deposition to the entire study domain, of which 46% was deposited near-field to oil sand production operations. Source identification was improved over a prior lichen-based study in the AOSR through incorporation of PAH and PAC analytes in addition to inorganic analytes.
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MEDLINE
Assunto principal:
Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos
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Monitoramento Ambiental
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Poluentes Atmosféricos
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Campos de Petróleo e Gás
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Idioma:
En
Ano de publicação:
2019
Tipo de documento:
Article