Achilles tendon ultrasonography - A useful screening tool for cardiovascular risk estimation in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Achilles tendon lesions have long been associated with genetic defects in lipid metabolism and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). With this study we aimed to evaluate the usefulness of Achilles tendon ultrasonography in identifying people at greater risk among subjects with severe hypercholesterolemia (SH) in a high-risk population. METHODS: During the period of 2016-2017 a total of 213 participants were enrolled in this case-control study. Data of 110 patients with SH and 103 age and sex matched controls without dyslipidaeplemia and established CVD was collected. RESULTS: Achilles tendinopathy (AT) was present in 42.7% of subjects with SH and in 29.1% of controls (p = 0.039). Stronger association between SH and AT was seen in women - 24.1% vs 2.0% (p = 0.001). SH increased odds of AT by 1.815 (95% CI, 1.028-3.206). Prevalence of AT was higher in males despite presence (SH+) or absence (SH-) of severe hypercholesterolemia (SH+ 60.7% vs 24.1%, SH- 55.8% vs 2.0%, p < 0.001). AT was associated with higher proportion of subjects exceeding normal mean values of TC (80.5% vs 52.9%, p = 0.001), LDL-C (76.6% vs 52.2%), TG (54.5% vs. 22.1%), ApoB (57.1% vs 22.2%), ApoE (44.0% vs 22.4%) levels and ApoB/ApoA ratio (46.1% vs 21.5%) (p = 0.001) and family history of premature coronary heart disease (CHD). CONCLUSIONS: AT is more prevalent among subjects with SH and is associated with higher levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, ApoB, ApoE, ApoB/ApoA ratio, family history of premature CHD. SH increases the odds of developing AT.