Perspectives of adults with Klinefelter syndrome, unaffected adolescent males, and parents of affected children toward diagnosis disclosure: a Thai experience.

ABSTRACT

Little is known about disclosure of diagnosis to males with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) diagnosed before birth or during childhood, especially in Asian context. Insufficient preparation for disclosure communication could lead to the child's depression, anxiety, or disrupted self-esteem. This is an interventional and qualitative interview study with a brief self-reported survey. The study consists of three phases. In phase I, adults with KS were asked about their experiences and viewpoints toward KS disclosure and diagnosis through individual interviews. In phase II, unaffected adolescent males were given information about KS and then asked to give hypothetical answers to a questionnaire followed by a group interview, as if they had KS. In phase III, parents of children with KS were asked to complete a questionnaire followed by a group interview which included a discussion about their disclosure plans and their concerns. The parents were provided information obtained from adults with KS and unaffected adolescent males, and were then interviewed again as a group. We found that the most hurtful issues were discovering their infertility from KS and late disclosure. From the perspective of unaffected adolescent males, early disclosure in early or mid-teens in a neutral, supportive, and relaxed manner, along with information on benefits of hormonal treatment, the assurance of biological sex as "male," and avoidance of some sensitive words are strongly recommended, as a way to promote self-confidence and positive coping with the diagnosis. After intervention, the parents reported more confidence and less anxiety about disclosing the diagnosis to their children, and indicated that they would disclose KS at an earlier age. For unaffected adolescent males, though it is a hypothetical scenario and their reaction may differ from affected adolescents, unaffected adolescent males' viewpoints on how they might react are more or less representative of cultural changes for the new generation, especially in the Asian context. In addition, their viewpoints influenced parents' decision and genetic counseling plans for the diagnosis disclosure of KS to their children. We propose a preliminary guideline for KS diagnosis disclosure.