5-ASA, 5-aminosalicylic acid; 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil; AHR, aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor; ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase; Absorption; BDE, bromodiphenyl ether; BRV, brivudine; BVU, bromovinyluracil; Bioactivation; CAR, constitutive androgen receptor; CV, conventional; CYP, cytochrome P450; ER, estrogen receptor; Enterohepatic circulation; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; GF, germ-free; GUDCA, glycoursodeoxycholic acid; Gastrointestinal tract; Gut microbiome; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PABA, p-aminobenzenesulphonamide; PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; PCB, polychlorinated biphenyl; PD, Parkinson's disease; PFOS, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid; PXR, pregnane X receptor; Pharmacokinetics; SCFA, short chain fatty acid; SN-38G, SN-38 glucuronide; SULT, sulfotransferase; TCDF, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran; TUDCA, tauroursodeoxycholic acid; UGT, uracil diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase; Xenobiotic metabolism; cgr, cytochrome glycoside reductase