Surgical Adjuncts to Rhinoplasty: An Algorithmic Approach.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Nasal aesthetics can be significantly affected by the interdependence of the surrounding bone and soft tissues of the face. These include the maxilla, septum, frontal bone, mandible, and the soft tissues and cartilage surrounding the nose. Therefore, it is pertinent to analyze and address these critical relationships of the nose in order to achieve a successful rhinoplasty. This work seeks to describe the battery of adjunct procedures available to supplement a rhinoplasty. Furthermore, each preoperative finding or indication for the adjunct is described in an algorithmic fashion. METHODS: A literature search using PubMed, Google Scholar, and a university library database was performed to locate papers describing adjunctive procedures to rhinoplasty. Indications and preoperative analysis were extracted from each paper. If the indication or finding was unclear, supplementary literature describing rhinoplasty and adjunctive analysis were sought in order to supplement our findings. RESULTS: Sixteen papers in total described adjunctive procedures for rhinoplasty. Each work highlighted a procedure or set of procedures on a surrounding facial feature including the forehead, brow, cheeks, lips, and chin, and neck. In total, 13 adjunct procedures for rhinoplasty are described with their respective indications. Additional literature and techniques were researched to clarify indicated procedures. CONCLUSION: The ability to correctly understand the critical relationships of the nose can help the surgeon correctly recognize the indication for a rhinoplasty adjunct procedure, leading to better aesthetic balance and surgical outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .