The acute and repeated effects of cigarette smoking and smoking-related cues on impulsivity.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Impulsivity may be a risk factor that increases vulnerability to nicotine dependence. However, nicotine exposure itself may directly increase impulsivity. This is a secondary analysis of the first study in a controlled laboratory setting, which assessed the effects of nicotine administration (acute and repeated) and exposure to smoking cues on behavioural impulsivity in humans (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01395797). DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty-seven smokers completed three tasks to assess behavioural impulsivity (the Immediate Memory Task and the Delayed Memory Task assessing response initiation, and the GoStop Task assessing response inhibition) following (i) 4 days of cigarette smoking (nicotinised or denicotinised cigarette); (ii) acute cigarette smoking (nicotinised); and (iii) exposure to smoking-related cues. RESULTS: Four days of nicotinised cigarette smoking (vs. denicotinised) did not significantly increase Immediate Memory Task, Delayed Memory Task and GoStop scores. However, acute cigarette smoking increased GoStop impulsivity, but only following 4 days of smoking nicotinised cigarettes (P < 0.05). Exposure to smoking-related cues had no statistically significant effect on impulsivity. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that repeated nicotine exposure may sensitise subsequent acute nicotine effects on behavioural impulsivity in heavy smokers.