Effect of casein kinase 1α inhibition on autophagy flux and the AKT/phospho-ß-catenin (S552) axis in HCT116, a RAS-mutated colorectal cancer cell line.

The Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, which interferes with cell proliferation, differentiation, and autophagy, is commonly dysregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC). Mutation of the RAS oncogene is the most prevalent genetic alteration in CRC and has been linked to activation of protein kinase B (AKT) signaling. Phosphorylation of ß-catenin at Ser 552 by AKT contributes to ß-catenin stability, transcriptional activity, and increase of cell proliferation. Casein kinase 1 alpha (CK1α) is an enzyme that simultaneously regulates Wnt/ß-catenin and AKT. The link of the AKT and Wnt pathway to autophagy in RAS-mutated CRC cells has not well identified. Therefore, we investigated how pharmacological CK1α inhibition (D4476) is involved in regulation of autophagy, Wnt/ß-catenin, and AKT pathways in RAS-mutated CRC cell lines. qRT-PCR and immunoblotting experiments revealed that phospho-AKT (S473) and phospho-ß-catenin (S552) are constitutively increased in RAS-mutated CRC cell lines, in parallel with augmented CK1α expression. The results also showed that D4476 significantly reduced the AKT/phospho-ß-catenin (S552) axis concomitantly with autophagy flux inhibition in RAS-mutated CRC cells. Furthermore, D4476 significantly induced apoptosis in RAS-mutated CRC cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that CK1α inhibition reduces autophagy flux and promotes apoptosis by interfering with the AKT/phospho-ß-catenin (S552) axis in RAS-mutated CRC cells.