Adsorption Behavior of Congo Red onto Barium-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles: Correlation between Experimental Results and DFT Calculations.

Ba-loaded ZnO nanoparticles (Ba/ZnO) were obtained by the co-precipitation process and employed as a sorbent for Congo Red (C32H22N6Na2O6S2) dye (CR). Physicochemical parameters such as particle size, pH, and contact time were checked to characterize the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity of Ba/ZnO NPs for CR (1614.26 mg/g) proves its potential utility in the elimination of CR dye from wastewater. The adsorption mechanism was studied via infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The geometrical parameters and electronic properties of the CR-Ba/ZnO complex, particularly the interaction energy, the density of states, and the charge transfer, highlighted the Ba-ion mediation in the chemical bond formation between CR and the surface. The interaction between CR and Ba-doped ZnO has found to show strong chemisorption with charge transfer between the SO3- group and adsorbed Ba2+ ion on the surface.