[Function and Breakdown of the Neuron-Glia Dual-Layer Super-Network].

ABSTRACT

Glial cells appear to have the capacity of coding information. Neuronal and glial circuits form a loosely coupled dual-layer super network within the brain. Glial cells react with the excitatory transmitter glutamate released from synapses of neurons and, in turn, release additional glutamate. Thus, they effectively function as excitatory signal amplifiers, with the gain of amplification depending on their cytosolic pH. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors in neurons is largely influenced by the state of glial cells. Depending on the state of our mind, an experience can become a lasting memory or fade away. The pH of glial cells at the time of the experience could play a pivotal role in memory formation. Glial function is also susceptible to plasticity. First-time exposure to a brief period of brain hyperactivity results in an acute breakdown of the inter-cellular network of glial cells. Therefore, artificial control of the glial state and glial plasticity may provide a new preventative strategy to manage dementia and epilepsy.