AN, autonomic nerve; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; BMSC, bone marrow stromal cells; Bone microenvironment; CABP, cancer-associated bone pain; CALCRL, calcitonin receptor-like receptor; CAP, cancer-associated pain; CCL2, C­C motif chemokine 2; CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide; CNS, central nervous system; COX, cyclooxygenase; CREB, cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein; CRPC, castration-resistant prostate cancer; CXCL1, C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1; CXCL2, C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2; Cancer-associated bone pain; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; ERK1/2, extracellular receptor kinase ½; G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GDNF, glial-derived neurotrophic factor; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1α; HMGB-1, high mobility group box-1; HSCs, hematopoietic stem cells; HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; IL-1ß, interleukin 1ß; MM, multiple myeloma; MOR, mu-opioid receptor; NE, norepinephrine; NGF, nerve growth factor; NI, nerve invasion; NPY, neuropeptide Y; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Nociceptors; OA, osteoarthritis; OPG, osteoprotegerin; PACAP, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide; PD-1, programmed cell death-1; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; PNI, perineural invasion; PanIN, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia; Perineural invasion; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; RAMP1, receptor activity modifying protein 1; RANKL, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand; RTX, resiniferatoxin; SN, sensory nerves; SP, substance P; SRE, skeletal-related event; Sensory nerves; TGFß, transforming growth factor ß; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; TRPV1; TrkA, tyrosine kinase receptor type 1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide; a3V-H+-ATPase, a3 isoform vacuolar proton pump