Endocan: A Key Player of Cardiovascular Disease.

Endothelial dysfunction is considered to be an early change in atherosclerosis. Endocan, also known as endothelial cell specific molecule-1, is a soluble proteoglycan mainly secreted by endothelial cells. Inflammatory factors such as IL-1ß and TNF-α can up regulate the expression of endocan and then affect the expression of cell adhesion molecules, such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, which play an important role in promoting leukocyte migration and inflammatory response. Elevated plasma levels of endocan may reflect endothelial activation and dysfunction, and is considered to be a potential immuno-inflammatory marker that may be related to cardiovascular disease. In the case of hypertension, diabetes, angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction, the increase or decrease of serum endocan levels is of great significance. Here, we reviewed the current research on endocan, and emphasis its possible clinical value as a prognostic marker of cardiovascular disease. Endocan may be a useful biomarker for the prognosis of cardiovascular disease, but more research is needed on its mechanism of action.