Efficacy of daprodustat on anemia in hemodialysis patients with sustained inflammation: a case report.

Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors improve anemia in CKD and dialysis patients and were approved for anemia treatment with these populations in Japan. An 89 year-old man with anemia and on maintenance hemodialysis was successfully treated with a dose-up of darbepoetin alfa from 10 to 20 µg per week, and the dose was gradually tapered to 5 µg. Later, serum hemoglobin levels decreased with the newly occurring sustained inflammation and left pleural effusion of an unknown cause, and the darbepoetin alfa dose was increased again to 20 µg per week, which was not effective. Darbepoetin alfa was switched to 4 mg of daprodustat daily, which was fairly effective under sustained inflammation, with serum hemoglobin levels maintained at 11-12 g/dL. The increase in hemoglobin levels was ascribed to the increase in the number of red blood cells, not the mean corpuscular hemoglobin level. During the inflammatory state, despite the contrasting effect on anemia by the 20 µg of darbepoetin alfa weekly and 4 mg of daprodustat daily, the reticulocyte counts were equivalent. The serum erythropoietin levels during daprodustat administration were within the physiological range (8.5-18.8 mIU/mL). For anemia treatment in hemodialysis patients, daprodustat is less influenced by the inflammatory status than darbepoetin alfa, and one of the possible reasons for this includes the extended red blood cell lifespan.