3-MA, 3-methyladenine; 3' UTR, 3' untranslated region; ANF, atrial natriuretic factor; ATG4B; ATG4B, autophagy related gene 4B; Autophagic flux; Autophagy; BNP, brain natriuretic polypeptide; Baf A1, bafilomycin A1; CQ, Chloroquine; EF, ejection fraction; FS, fractional shortening; GFP, green fluorescent protein; HE, hematoxylin­eosin; ISO, isoprenaline; IVS,d: interventricular septal wall dimension at end-diastole, IVS,s: interventricular septal well dimension at end-systole; Isoprenaline; LC3; LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; LV Vol,d, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LV Vol,s, left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVID,d, left ventricular end-diastolic internal diameter; LVID,s, left ventricular end-systolic internal diameter; LVPW,d, left ventricular end-diastolic posterior wall thickness; LVPW,s, left ventricular end-systolic posterior wall thickness; Mice; NS, normal saline; Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes; PSR, Picric­Sirius red; Pathological cardiac hypertrophy; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; miR-34c-5p; miRNA, microRNA; qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; ß-AR, ß-adrenergic receptor; ß-MHC, beta-myosin heavy chain