Whole-genome analyses of APEC carrying mcr-1 in some coastal areas of China from 2019 to 2020.

OBJECTIVES: Polymyxin is considered as one of the 'last lines of defense' for the treatment of multidrug resistant bacteria. Increased use of polymyxin during recent years poses a risk to public health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the carrying situation of the mcr-1 drug-resistance gene in waterfowl in some coastal areas of China from 2019 to 2020. METHODS: Fifty-seven isolated avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains were selected from 493 APEC isolates for whole-genome sequencing. The 24 mcr-1-positive APEC strains were tested for conjugation and genome-wide analysis, including sequence type (ST) analysis, serotype analysis, and drug-resistance gene analysis. Numerous mcr-1-positive E. coli were downloaded from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) for comparative genomic analysis. RESULTS: Antimicrobial susceptibility test results showed that 57 APEC isolates were highly resistant to gentamicin, cefotaxime, and ofloxacin, and 24 mcr-1-positive APEC isolates were resistant to polymyxin. Fourteen isolates of mcr-1-positive APEC plasmids were successfully conjugated to EC600. Both ST156 and ST10 were found in high proportions in human and avian sources through genome-wide analysis; it is worth noting that these two isolates of APEC were detected to contain the blaNDM-1 and blaNDM-4 genes, respectively. CONCLUSION: In this study, the epidemiological investigation of the mcr-1 gene was carried out on APEC in some coastal areas of China from 2019 to 2020, and our results have enriched the data on the transmission of APEC isolates carrying the mcr-1 gene in waterfowl.