ACN, Acetonitrile; AUC, Areas under the curve; CID, Collision-induced dissociation; ESI, Electrospray ionization; ETD, Electron-transfer dissociation; FA, Formic acid; FN, False-negative; FP, False-positive; FT-ICR; FT-ICR, MS Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer; FTMS; Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance; Hb A, Normal adult Hb; Hb, Hemoglobin; HbA1d, Hb ß with glutathione; IFCC, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine; IQR, Interquartile range; J, Youden Index; MCW, Methanol/chloroform/water; MS, Mass spectrometry; PTM, Post-translational modification; PTR-PIP, Proton transfer reaction-parallel ion parking; ROC, Receiver operating characteristic; S/N, Signal-to-noise ratios; Se(c), Sensitivity, the probability of a true positive); Sp(c), Specificity, the probability of a true negative); TIC, Total ion chromatogram; TN, True negative; TP, True positive; Top-down; XIC, Extracted ion chromatograms; m/z, Mass-to-charge ratios; δ/ß ratio