Racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake: A mediation framework.

BACKGROUND: Previous research suggests that racial and ethnic minority groups especially Black Americans showed stronger COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance, which may result from a lack of trust toward the government and vaccine manufacturers, among other sociodemographic and health factors. OBJECTIVES: The current study explored potential social and economic, clinical, and psychological factors that may have mediated racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake among US adults. METHODS: A sample of 6078 US individuals was selected from a national longitudinal survey administered in 2020-2021. Baseline characteristics were collected in December 2020, and respondents were followed up to July 2021. Racial and ethnic disparities in time to vaccine initiation and completion (based on a 2-dose regimen) were first assessed with the Kaplan-Meier Curve and log-rank test, and then explored with the Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for potential time-varying mediators, such as education, income, marital status, chronic health conditions, trust in vaccine development and approval processes, and perceived risk of infection. RESULTS: Prior to mediator adjustment, Black and Hispanic Americans had slower vaccine initiation and completion than Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and White Americans (p's < 0.0001). After accounting for the mediators, there were no significant differences in vaccine initiation or completion between each minoritized group as compared to White Americans. Education, household income, marital status, chronic health conditions, trust, and perceived infection risk were potential mediators. CONCLUSION: Racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake were mediated through social and economic conditions, psychological influences, and chronic health conditions. To address the racial and ethnic inequity in vaccination, it is important to target the social, economic, and psychological forces behind it.