Invasive Spartina alterniflora accelerates the increase in microbial nitrogen fixation over nitrogen removal in coastal wetlands of China.

ABSTRACT

Salt marsh plants play a vital role in mediating nitrogen (N) biogeochemical cycle in estuarine and coastal ecosystems. However, the effects of invasive Spartina alterniflora on N fixation and removal, as well as how these two processes balance to determine the N budget, remain unclear. Here, simultaneous quantifications of N fixation and removal via 15N tracing experiment with native Phragmites australis, invasive S. alterniflora, and bare flats as well as corresponding functional gene abundance by qPCR were carried out to explore the response of N dynamics to S. alterniflora invasion. Our results showed that N fixation and removal rates ranged from 0.77 ± 0.08 to 16.12 ± 1.13 nmol/(g·h) and from 1.42 ± 0.14 to 16.35 ± 1.10 nmol/(g·h), respectively, and invasive S. alterniflora generally facilitated the two processes rates. Based on the difference between N removal and fixation rates, net N2 fluxes were estimated in the range of -0.39 ± 0.14 to 8.24 ± 2.23 nmol/(g·h). Estimated net N2 fluxes in S. alterniflora stands were lower than those in bare flats and P. australis stands, indicating that the increase in N removal caused by S. alterniflora invasion may be more than offset by N fixation process. Random forest analysis revealed that functional microorganisms were the most important factor associated with the corresponding N transformation process. Overall, our results highlight the importance of N fixation in evaluating N budget of estuarine and coastal wetlands, providing valuable insights into the ecological effect of S. alterniflora invasion.