Transport and gradient formation of Wnt and Fgf in the early zebrafish gastrula.

ABSTRACT

Within embryonic development, the occurrence of gastrulation is critical in the formation of multiple germ layers with many differentiative abilities. These cells are instructed through exposure to signalling molecules called morphogens. The secretion of morphogens from a source tissue creates a concentration gradient that allows distinct pattern formation in the receiving tissue. This review focuses on the morphogens Wnt and Fgf in zebrafish development. Wnt has been shown to have critical roles throughout gastrulation, including in anteroposterior patterning and neural posterisation. Fgf is also a vital signal, contributing to involution and mesodermal specification. Both morphogens have also been found to work in finely balanced synergy for processes such as neural induction. Thus, the signalling range of Wnts and Fgfs must be strictly controlled to target the correct target cells. Fgf and Wnts signal to local cells as well as to cells in the distance in a highly regulated way, requiring specific dissemination mechanisms that allow efficient and precise signalling over short and long distances. Multiple transportation mechanisms have been discovered to aid in producing a stable morphogen gradient, including short-range diffusion, filopodia-like extensions called cytonemes and extracellular vesicles, mainly exosomes. These mechanisms are specific to the morphogen that they transport and the intended signalling range. This review article discusses how spreading mechanisms in these two morphogenetic systems differ and the consequences on paracrine signalling, hence tissue patterning.