Phase Evolution of Multi-Metal Dichalcogenides With Conversion-Alloying Hybrid Mechanism for Superior Lithium Storage.

ABSTRACT

Traditional lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes, whether intercalation-type like graphite or alloying-type like silicon, employing a single lithium storage mechanism, are often limited by modest capacity or substantial volume changes. Here, the kesterite multi-metal dichalcogenide (CZTSSe) is introduced as an anode material that harnesses a conversion-alloying hybrid lithium storage mechanism. Results unveil that during the charge-discharge processes, the CZTSSe undergoes a comprehensive phase evolution, transitioning from kesterite structure to multiple dominant phases of sulfides, selenides, metals, and alloys. The involvement of multi-components facilitates electron transport and mitigates swelling stress; meanwhile, it results in formation of abundant defects and heterojunctions, allowing for increased lithium storage active sites and reduced lithium diffusion barrier. The CZTSSe delivers a high specific capacity of up to 2266 mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1; while, maintaining a stable output of 116 mA h g-1 after 10 000 cycles at 20 A g-1. It also demonstrates remarkable low-temperature performance, retaining 987 mA h g-1 even after 600 cycles at -40 °C. When employed in full cells, a high specific energy of 562 Wh kg-1 is achieved, rivalling many state-of-the-art LIBs. This research offers valuable insights into the design of LIB electrodes leveraging multiple lithium storage mechanisms.