High-Performance NIR-II Fluorescent Type I/II Photosensitizer Enabling Augmented Mild Photothermal Therapy of Tumors by Disrupting Heat Shock Proteins.

ABSTRACT

NIR-II fluorescent photosensitizers as phototheranostic agents hold considerable promise in the application of mild photothermal therapy (MPTT) for tumors, as the reactive oxygen species generated during photodynamic therapy can effectively disrupt heat shock proteins. Nevertheless, the exclusive utilization of these photosensitizers to significantly augment the MPTT efficacy has rarely been substantiated, primarily due to their insufficient photodynamic performance. Herein, the utilization of high-performance NIR-II fluorescent type I/II photosensitizer (AS214) is presented as a simple but effective nanoplatform derived from molecule AS2 to enhance the MPTT efficacy of tumors without any additional therapeutic components. By taking advantage of heavy atom effect, AS214 as a type I/II photosensitizer demonstrates superior efficacy in producing 1O2 (1O2 quantum yield = 12.4%) and O2 •- among currently available NIR-II fluorescent photosensitizers with absorption exceeding 800 nm. In vitro and in vivo findings demonstrate that the 1O2 and O2 •- generated from AS214 induce a substantial reduction in the expression of HSP90, thereby improving the MPTT efficacy. The remarkable phototheranostic performance, substantial tumor accumulation, and prolonged tumor retention of AS214, establish it as a simple but superior phototheranostic agent for NIR-II fluorescence imaging-guided MPTT of tumors.