Aggregation Mechanisms and Molecular Structures of Amyloid-ß in Alzheimer's Disease.

ABSTRACT

Amyloid plaques are a major pathological hallmark involved in Alzheimer's disease and consist of deposits of the amyloid-ß peptide (Aß). The aggregation process of Aß is highly complex, which leads to polymorphous aggregates with different structures. In addition to aberrant aggregation, Aß oligomers can undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and form dynamic condensates. It has been hypothesized that these amyloid liquid droplets affect and modulate amyloid fibril formation. In this review, we briefly introduce the relationship between stress granules and amyloid protein aggregation that is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Then we highlight the regulatory role of LLPS in Aß aggregation and discuss the potential relationship between Aß phase transition and aggregation. Furthermore, we summarize the current structures of Aß oligomers and amyloid fibrils, which have been determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The structural variations of Aß aggregates provide an explanation for the different levels of toxicity, shed light on the aggregation mechanism and may pave the way towards structure-based drug design for both clinical diagnosis and treatment.