Modulation of microglia activation by the ascorbic acid transporter SVCT2.

ABSTRACT

Neuroinflammation is a major characteristic of pathology in several neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia, the brain's resident myeloid cells, shift between activation states under neuroinflammatory conditions, both responding to, but also driving damage in the brain. Vitamin C (ascorbate) is an essential antioxidant for central nervous system function that may have a specific role in the neuroinflammatory response. Uptake of ascorbate throughout the central nervous system is facilitated by the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 (SVCT2). SVCT2 transports the reduced form of ascorbate into neurons and microglia, however the contribution of altered SVCT2 expression to the neuroinflammatory response in microglia is not well understood. In this study we demonstrate that SVCT2 expression modifies microglial response, as shown through changes in cell morphology and mRNA expression, following a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in mice with decreased or increased expression of SVCT2. Results were supported by in vitro studies in an immortalized microglial cell line and in primary microglial cultures derived from SVCT2-heterozygous and transgenic animals. Overall, this work demonstrates the importance of SVCT2 and ascorbate in modulating the microglial response to mTBI and suggests a potential role for both in response to neuroinflammatory challenges.