A Core NRF2 Gene Set Defined Through Comprehensive Transcriptomic Analysis Predicts Selective Drug Resistance and Poor Multicancer Prognosis.

ABSTRACT

Aims: The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (NRF2-KEAP1) pathway plays an important role in the cellular response to oxidative stress but may also contribute to metabolic changes and drug resistance in cancer. However, despite its pervasiveness and important role, most of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) target genes are defined in context-specific experiments and analysis, making it difficult to translate from one situation to another. Our study investigates whether a core NRF2 gene signature can be derived and used to represent NRF2 activation in various contexts, allowing better reproducibility and understanding of NRF2. Results: We define a core set of 14 upregulated NRF2 target genes from 7 RNA-sequencing datasets that we generated and analyzed. This NRF2 gene signature was validated using analyses of published datasets and gene sets. An NRF2 activity score based on expression of these core target genes correlates with resistance to drugs such as PX-12 and necrosulfonamide but not to paclitaxel or bardoxolone methyl. We validated these findings in our Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) knockout cancer cell lines. Finally, our NRF2 score is prognostic for cancer survival and validated in additional independent cohorts for lung adenocarcinoma and also novel cancer types not associated with NRF2-KEAP1 mutations such as clear cell renal carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and acute myeloid leukemia. Innovation and Conclusions: These analyses define a core NRF2 gene signature that is robust, versatile, and useful for evaluating NRF2 activity and for predicting drug resistance and cancer prognosis. Using this gene signature, we uncovered novel selective drug resistance and cancer prognosis associated with NRF2 activation.