Association of vitamin D with risk of warts: A retrospective and Mendelian randomization study.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The clinical strategy of oral supplementation of Vitamin D (VD) as a preventive and therapeutic measure for warts needs further exploration. METHODS: The clinical data of patients with skin diseases who visited the Children's Hospital affiliated with Chongqing Medical University from February 2018 to June 2024 were collected. The serum VD levels in patients with warts (common warts, flat warts, and plantar warts) and patients with other common skin diseases (atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, alopecia areata, vitiligo, and chronic urticaria) were compared. Two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to investigate potential causal associations between VD and warts. RESULTS: The average serum VD level of children with warts was 23.27 ± 7.07 ng/mL, which showed no statistically significant difference compared to children with other common skin diseases. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method analysis indicated a positive causal relationship between VD and warts (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.86, [95% CI 1.19-2.92], p = 0.007). Sensitivity analysis did not show any indication of horizontal pleiotropy or heterogeneity. The MR-PRESSO method did not identify any outliers. CONCLUSION: The levels of serum VD in children with warts do not significantly decrease compared to children with other common skin conditions. The evidence from the MR analysis indicates a positive causal relationship between VD and warts, suggesting caution in supplementing VD for children with warts who have normal or elevated serum VD levels. Further clinical studies are needed for validation in the future.