Plate Objective Scoring Tool: A new preoperative indicator of penile curvature degree in children with distal hypospadias.

OBJECTIVES: There is an unmet need for preoperative methods that surgeons can use to objectively quantify hypospadias anatomic variables and determine risk of penile curvature. We, therefore, assessed whether Plate Objective Scoring Tool measurements were correlated with degree of ventral curvature in affected children. METHODS: Patients undergoing distal hypospadias repair were enrolled into the study between January 2018 and December 2020 and were categorized independently by at least two surgeons using Plate Objective Scoring Tool. Scores were compared statistically to determine the degree of ventral curvature and requirement for correction. RESULTS: Sixty-five patients with a median age of 18 months (interquartile range 13-26) were enrolled into the study prior to surgery for primary distal hypospadias. Patient probability of significant postoperative curvature (>20°) was determined with moderate confidence using a cutoff Plate Objective Scoring Tool score of 1 (sensitivity 75%, specificity 60%). Presurgery Plate Objective Scoring Tool scores were negatively correlated with subsequent degree of curvature (r = -0.37, P = 0.003), with values <1.0 predicting >20° curvature. CONCLUSIONS: Plate Objective Scoring Tool scoring offers a succinct method of describing hypospadias severity and correlates well with postoperative outcomes. The Plate Objective Scoring Tool system can therefore be used to objectively predict the likelihood of penile curvature and aid communication between surgeons and researchers, as well as improving parental counseling.

Thermal Change Index-Based Diabetic Foot Thermogram Image Classification Using Machine Learning Techniques.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) can lead to plantar ulcers, amputation and death. Plantar foot thermogram images acquired using an infrared camera have been shown to detect changes in temperature distribution associated with a higher risk of foot ulceration. Machine learning approaches applied to such infrared images may have utility in the early diagnosis of diabetic foot complications. In this work, a publicly available dataset was categorized into different classes, which were corroborated by domain experts, based on a temperature distribution parameter-the thermal change index (TCI). We then explored different machine-learning approaches for classifying thermograms of the TCI-labeled dataset. Classical machine learning algorithms with feature engineering and the convolutional neural network (CNN) with image enhancement techniques were extensively investigated to identify the best performing network for classifying thermograms. The multilayer perceptron (MLP) classifier along with the features extracted from thermogram images showed an accuracy of 90.1% in multi-class classification, which outperformed the literature-reported performance metrics on this dataset.

Orchio-Septopexy: A new technique to cover and fix detorsed testis undergoing fasciotomy of tunica albuginea.

PURPOSE: Compartment Syndrome (CS) has been recognized as a potential factor that worsens testicular viability after detorsion, especially in borderline cases of prolonged ischemia. Fasciotomy of the testicular tunica albuginea to relieve the pressure associated with CS has been proposed to accommodate edema after detorsion, embracing the raw fasciotomy area with tunica vaginalis flap (TVF) or graft. Fashioning the TVF can be tedious in cases of severe scrotal edema. Herein we present a technique that facilitates and expedites the procedure, maintaining the fasciotomy area decompressed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In testicular torsion, where the testis remains with dark coloration and questionable viability after detorsion a longitudinal releasing incision is made in the tunica albuginea (fasciotomy) to decrease compartmental pressure. If signs of parenchymal recovery (bleeding points, better color) are seen an orchio-septopexy is performed, suturing the incised albuginea's edges to the septum with a running suture, avoiding CS as well as re-torsion. RESULTS: Orchio-septopexy was performed in 11 cases with a mean age of 11.9 years (3-17). All cases had clinic follow-up and testicular Doppler US with a mean of 9.5 months (6-24). 6/11 cases (54%) were salvaged, with good vascularity in the Doppler US and maintained more than 50% testicular volume compared to the contralateral side. CONCLUSION: Orchio-septopexy after testicular fasciotomy is a simple and fast technique that can be utilized in cases of prolonged testicular ischemia and questionable viability. More than half of the testes recovered, encouraging us to propose its utilization as well as its validation by other surgeons.

Fertility and sexuality issues in congenital lifelong urology patients: male aspects.

PURPOSE: To review existing literature about fertility and sexuality of boys born with complex congenital genitourinary anomalies. METHODS: A Pubmed review was performed in December 2018 to identify the most relevant original manuscripts regarding male complex congenital conditions affecting the urogenital system in male patients including spina bifida (SB), bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex (BEEC) and hypospadias. A comprehensive review was drafted exploring sexual dysfunction from a medical, psychosexual, surgical and reproductive point of view during transition from childhood (or adolescence) to adulthood. RESULTS: About 75% of men with SB have erectile dysfunction (ED) (Gamé et al. in Urology 67(3):566-570, 2006; Diamond et al. in 58(4):434-435, 1986). Most SB patients have impaired sexual development mainly due to diminished self-esteem, dependence on caregivers and lack of privacy (Blum et al. in Pediatrics 88(2):280-285, 1991). Men with BEEC have fewer intimate relationships than women because of the greater difficulties with issues regarding their genitalia and sexual activities (Deans et al. in Am J Obstet Gynecol 206(6):496.e1-496.e6, 2012). However, a good quality of life is achievable with the effective use of coping strategies (Deng et al. in Transl Androl Urol 7:941, 2018; Rikken et al. in BMC Womens Health 18(1):163, 2018; Friedler et al. in Reprod Biomed Online 32(1):54-61, 2016). Chordee occurs in 25% of all hypospadias patients. More severe hypospadias is related to a greater risk for complications. The long-term sexual quality of life (QoL) in men who underwent hypospadias surgery is influenced by a lot of factors. Therefore, an interactive and dynamic biopsychosocial model of sexual QoL was proposed. CONCLUSIONS: The care of patients with congenital urologic conditions becomes a challenge especially in the period of 'transition'. The goal of follow-up is a holistic management viewed from a medical, psychosexual, surgical end reproductive point. All patients should be asked for specific urinary, fecal or sexual concerns.

An appraisal of oriental theileriosis and the Theileria orientalis complex, with an emphasis on diagnosis and genetic characterisation.

Oriental theileriosis, a tick-borne disease of bovids caused by members of the Theileria orientalis complex, has a worldwide distribution. Globally, at least 11 distinct genotypes of T. orientalis complex, including type 1 (chitose), type 2 (ikeda), type 3 (buffeli), types 4 to 8, and N1-N3, have been described based on the sequence of the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene. Of these 11 genotypes, mainly ikeda and chitose are known to be pathogenic and cause considerable morbidity (including high fever, anaemia, jaundice and abortion), production losses and/or mortality in cattle. Mixed infections with two or more genotypes of T. orientalis is common, but do not always lead to a clinical disease, posing challenges in the diagnosis of asymptomatic or subclinical forms of oriental theileriosis. The diagnosis of oriental theileriosis is usually based on clinical signs, the detection of piroplasms of T. orientalis in blood smears, and/or the use of serological or molecular techniques. This paper reviews current methods used for the diagnosis of T. orientalis infections and the genetic characterisation of members of the T. orientalis complex, and proposes that advanced genomic tools should be established for investigations of these and related haemoparasites.

From Acellular Matrices to Smart Polymers: Degradable Scaffolds that are Transforming the Shape of Urethral Tissue Engineering.

Several congenital and acquired conditions may result in severe narrowing of the urethra in men, which represent an ongoing surgical challenge and a significant burden on both health and quality of life. In the field of urethral reconstruction, tissue engineering has emerged as a promising alternative to overcome some of the limitations associated with autologous tissue grafts. In this direction, preclinical as well as clinical studies, have shown that degradable scaffolds are able to restore the normal urethral architecture, supporting neo-vascularization and stratification of the tissue. While a wide variety of degradable biomaterials are under scrutiny, such as decellularized matrices, natural, and synthetic polymers, the search for scaffold materials that could fulfill the clinical performance requirements continues. In this article, we discuss the design requirements of the scaffold that appear to be crucial to better resemble the structural, physical, and biological properties of the native urethra and are expected to support an adequate recovery of the urethral function. In this context, we review the biological performance of the degradable polymers currently applied for urethral reconstruction and outline the perspectives on novel functional polymers, which could find application in the design of customized urethral constructs.

Clinico-hematological and oxidative stress status in Nili Ravi buffaloes infected with Trypanosoma evansi.

Hemoparasitic diseases like trypanosomiasis have an adverse influence on the health and working capability of infected animals. Monitoring and identification of blood born parasitic infections in dairy animals are of vital importance to get the optimum production. In this study blood samples were collected from Nili Ravi buffaloes (n = 390) kept at different villages of district Lodhran, Punjab province of Pakistan. Blood samples were evaluated for red blood cell counts, total and differential leukocyte counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin, total proteins and different serum parameters such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, malondialdehyde, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, phosphorous, copper, calcium and magnesium. Overall prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi was 4.61% based on microscopic smear examination, 11.02% with Formol Gel Test and 16.15% with PCR. Infected buffaloes showed different clinical signs, including high fever (105 ±â€¯1.0 °F), edema of face and legs, hyperemic mucosa of eyes, lachrymation, bulging eyes, pale mucus membranes and frequent urination. Microscopic examination of blood films showed morphologically different parasites. Statistical analysis did not indicate an association of infection based on age and sex of buffaloes. Results revealed significantly (p < 0.05) lower values of red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and total proteins, while increased values of mean corpuscular volume, total white blood cells, monocyte, neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils in infected animals. Infected buffaloes were suffering from macrocytic hypochromic anemia. A significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum lipid per oxidation product (malondialdehyde) level and serum enzymes while a decrease in macrominerals and trace mineral (copper) in trypanosomiasis positive buffaloes were recorded. It was concluded that Trypanosoma evansi is prevalent in Pakistan under tropical and subtropical climatic conditions. It causes clinical disease with macrocytic hypochromic anemia and oxidative stress in infected buffaloes.

A review on epidemiology, global prevalence and economical losses of fasciolosis in ruminants.

Fasciolosis is an important plant borne trematode zoonosis in ruminants caused by the Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigentica, It is classified as a neglected tropical disease and found in more than 50 countries especially where sheep and cattle are reared. Fasciolosis is a serious animal health problems in many rural and urban areas of world, causing significant financial losses due to decrease in production and viscera condemnation in animals. Accurate diagnosis of fasciolosis is always remained a challenging task for the field practitioners. There is no comprehensive summary on the occurrence and distribution of the infection at international level. Therefore, we intended to provide a complete overview on the prevalence and epidemiology of fasciolosis in farm animals from a global prospective. It includes to map the global distribution of fasciolosis in different areas of the world to identify the endemic regions which may be a source of potential disease outbreak. The financial liability related to fasciolosis on the livestock production has also been addressed. For this purpose, the published data during 2000-2015 (15 years) on fasciolosis was reviewed and collected by electronic literature search of four databases including Google, PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science. Data presented are contemplated to enhance our current understanding of the parasite's geographical distribution, host range, and economic losses. Information provided would be useful for the application of more effective control strategies against fasciolosis in different geo-economics regions of the world.

Seasonality in hospital admissions of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and its dependence on ambient temperature-empirical evidence from Pakistan.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) has been reported from all provinces of Pakistan. Little is known about the seasonal variations in the disease and its association with weather conditions. In this study, we explored time-series data about monthly number of CCHF admissions (2007-2010) in three public sector hospitals of Quetta-the capital city of Baluchistan province of Pakistan. Cosinor analysis was carried out to investigate seasonality in the data. To assess the effect of average monthly ambient temperature (°C) on disease, a distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) was applied. Cosinor model revealed statistically significant seasonality in monthly number of CCHF patients admitted to the study hospitals. The estimated amplitude was 3.24 cases per month with phase in mid-June and low point in mid-December. DLNM confirmed nonlinear and delayed effect of temperature on hospital admissions. At a lag of 2 months, the cumulative relative risk was more than 1 at temperature at 18.37 °C and above. In addition, relative risk was significantly high at 60th (21.98 °C), 70th (24.50 °C), 80th (27.33 °C), and 90th (29.25 °C) percentiles of temperature (relative to median value, 18.37 °C). Inclusion of Eid-al-Adha as a predictor did not improve the fitness of DLNM. Based on our analysis, we concluded significant seasonality in CCHF hospital admissions. Our findings also suggested average monthly ambient temperature (°C) as a significant predictor of CCHF hospitalizations. DLNM presented in this study may be improved with inclusion of other possible time-varying predictors particularly meteorological conditions of this region.

Plate Objective Scoring Tool (POST) in distal hypospadias: Correlation with post-repair complications.

OBJECTIVES: The Plate Objective Scoring Tool (POST) accurately reflects configuration of the urethral plate in distal hypospadias. Here we assessed whether POST score also correlates with patient risk of complications after surgical repair. METHODS: Data were obtained prospectively from pre-pubertal boys who underwent primary hypospadias repair between January 2020 and February 2023. Both POST and Glans-Urethral Meatus-Shaft (GMS) scores were determined in triplicate by three independent reviewers before evaluating correlation with complications after surgery. RESULTS: POST ratios were strongly correlated with incidence of post-repair complications in n = 121 patients. Mean POST score was 1.10 (range 0.5-1.62) and average GMS value was 5.29 ± 1.36 (median G = 2, M = 2, S = 1). Bivariate correlation analysis indicated that POST score can accurately predict risk of complications after surgery (Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.821 [0.724-0.918], 95 % CI). A POST threshold of 1.2 provided the highest specificity for risk of post-operative complications, which occurred in 4.4 % of patients with POST score ≥1.2 (2/45 cases), compared with 25 % among patients with POST score <1.2 (19/76 cases). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that POST index can be used as a surrogate marker of urethral plate quality and accurately predicts the outcome of distal hypospadias repair. Objective scoring of POST revealed that low ratios were significantly associated with high risk of postoperative complications. In future, this approach could be used to stratify patients and better identify cases that require close follow-up care.

Quantification of vesicoureteral reflux using machine learning.

INTRODUCTION: The radiographic grading of voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) images is often used to determine the clinical course and appropriate treatment in patients with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). However, image-based evaluation of VUR remains highly subjective, so we developed a supervised machine learning model to automatically and objectively grade VCUG data. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 113 VCUG images were gathered from public sources to compile the dataset for this study. For each image, VUR severity was graded by four pediatric radiologists and three pediatric urologists (low severity scored 1-3; high severity 4-5). Ground truth for each image was assigned based on the grade diagnosed by a majority of the expert assessors. Nine features were extracted from each VCUG image, then six machine learning models were trained, validated, and tested using 'leave-one-out' cross-validation. All features were compared and contrasted, with the highest-ranked then being used to train the final models. RESULTS: F1-score is a metric that is often used to indicate performance accuracy of machine learning models. When using the highest-ranked VCUG image features, F1-scores for the support vector machine (SVM) and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifiers were 90.27 % and 91.14 %, respectively, indicating a high level of accuracy. When using all features combined, F1 scores were 89.37 % for SVM and 90.27 % for MLP. DISCUSSION: These findings indicate that a distorted pattern of renal calyces is an accurate predictor of high-grade VUR. Machine learning protocols can be enhanced in future to improve objective grading of VUR.

Hypospadias risk associated with chronic hypertension during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have suggested that hypertensive disorders of pregnancy increase risk of hypospadias, but so far none have focused on the influence of maternal chronic hypertension (CH). This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of currently available observational data to assess the association of maternal CH with hypospadias risk. METHODS: Literature searches were performed using EMBASE, SCOPUS, Pubmed, and manual methods according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines and MOOSE checklist. Eligible articles were included in the study and assessed for quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Extracted data were presented in review tables. Pooled analysis for unadjusted and adjusted effect sizes was used to determine OR and 95%CI using DerSimonian and Laird model. Heterogeneity was tested using I2 test, and publication bias was examined using funnel plots. Sensitivity analyses are done to address uncertainties. RESULTS: Searches yielded a total of 1130 publications with six eligible studies and high NOS quality score (6-9) were selected as depicted in extended summary figure. There were 519 hypospadias patients with maternal CH among those six eligible studies for analysis. After sensitivity analysis, there is one study that is excluded due to different hypospadias definition. Among the 5 remaining studies, it is found that there is an elevated risk of hypospadias in the context of maternal CH as determined by pooled unadjusted and adjusted OR (OR 1.50 95%CI 1.17-1.93; aOR 1.77 95%CI 1.54-2.04 respectively). Heterogeneity was high in unadjusted pooled analysis (I2 = 73% P = 0.005) and low in adjusted analysis (I2 = 0% P = 0.40)). Funnel plots were symmetrical in both analyses indicating a lack of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis indicates that maternal CH increases risk of hypospadias in male offspring. Future studies should weigh in biological mechanisms and pharmacological effects to elaborate the pathogenesis of this association.

Hypospadias-associated penile curvature assessment and management: A global survey of current practice.

INTRODUCTION: Our goal was to assess how surgical management of hypospadias-associated penile curvature (HAPC) varies across continents, focusing on factors that influence assessment and decision-making. METHODS: Members of the European Society of Pediatric Urology (ESPU), Society of Pediatric Urology (SPU), and Hypospadias International Society (HIS) participated in an anonymous, 34-question online survey addressing pre-, intra-, and postoperative elements of HAPC evaluation and management. A selection of intraoperative photos were included in the survey to investigate the prevailing surgical approaches and identify management patterns. RESULTS: Out of the 267 participants, 38.4% of them are located in Europe. Visual estimation was the predominant approach for evaluating HAPC, although being regarded as the least dependable compared to other techniques. Surgeons who performed more than 40 cases per year were more inclined to use goniometers and had varying degrees of HAPC that were considered acceptable without requiring any correction (P < .001). Out of 58% of respondents, a significant number reported regular utilization of artificial erection tests for all categories of hypospadias. Surgeons with fewer than 10 years of expertise commonly utilized erection test as part of their regular practice. A tourniquet was employed to maintain sufficient intra-corporeal pressure, by134 (50%). 116 participants (43%) inject Saline through the corpora cavernosa through the glans, while 150 (56%) administer saline from the lateral aspect. Moreover, the decision-making process differed based on the intraoperative picture scenarios of mild to moderate penile curvature during erection testing. Contrary to temperatures ranging from 25o to 35o, decision-making in cases with less severe degrees of HAPC was uncomplicated. CONCLUSION: This survey reveals a wide range of surgical practice patterns in the assessment and management of HAPC. To our knowledge, this global survey of HAPC practice is the largest to date and could aid in developing new guidelines in pediatric urology. These findings may also provide a foundation for future prospective multinational studies.

Trilayer composite scaffold for urethral reconstruction:in vitroevaluation of mechanical, biological, and angiogenic properties.

Regeneration of damaged urethral tissue remains a major challenge in the field of lower urinary tract reconstruction. To address this issue, various synthetic and natural biodegradable biomaterials are currently being explored for the fabrication of scaffolds that promote urethral regeneration and healing. In this study, we present an approach to fabricate a trilayer hybrid scaffold comprising a central layer of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) between two layers of chitosan. The chitosan/PLA/chitosan (CPC) scaffolds were fabricated by a sequential electrospinning process and their properties were evaluated for their suitability for urethral tissue engineering. The physical and biological properties of the CPC scaffolds were evaluated in comparison to electrospun PLA scaffolds and acellular dermis (Alloderm) as controls for a synthetic and a natural scaffold, respectively. Compared to the controls, the CPC scaffolds exhibited higher elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength, while maintaining extensibility and suture retention strength appropriate for clinical use. The CPC scaffolds displayed significant hydrophilicity, which was associated with a higher water absorption capacity of the chitosan nanofibres. The degradation products of the CPC scaffolds did not exhibit cytotoxicity and promoted wound closure by fibroblastsin vitro. In addition, CPC scaffolds showed increased growth of smooth muscle cells, an essential component for functional regeneration of urethral tissue. Furthermore, in a chicken embryo-based assay, CPC scaffolds demonstrated significantly higher angiogenic potential, indicating their ability to promote vascularisation, a crucial aspect for successful urethral reconstruction. Overall, these results suggest that CPC hybrid scaffolds containing both natural and synthetic components offer significant advantages over conventional acellular or synthetic materials alone. CPC scaffolds show promise as potential candidates for further research into the reconstruction of the urethrain vivo.

Urologist validation of an artificial intelligence-based tool for automated estimation of penile curvature.

INTRODUCTION: Severity of penile curvature (PC) is commonly used to select the optimal surgical intervention for hypospadias, either alone or in conjunction with other phenotypic characteristics. Despite this, current literature on the accuracy and precision of different PC measurement techniques in hypospadias patients remains limited. PURPOSE: Assess the feasibility and validity of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based model for automatic measurement of PC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seven 3D-printed penile models with variable degrees of ventral PC were used to evaluate and compare interobserver agreement in estimation of penile curvatures using various measurement techniques (including visual inspection, goniometer, manual estimation via a mobile application, and an AI-based angle estimation app. In addition, each participant was required to complete a questionnaire about their background and experience. RESULTS: Thirty-five clinical practitioners participated in the study, including pediatric urologists, pediatric surgeons, and urologists. For each PC assessment method, time required, mean absolute error (MAE), and inter-rater agreement were assessed. For goniometer-based measurement, the lowest MAE achieved was derived from a model featuring 86° PC. When using either UVI (unaid visual inspection), mobile apps, or AI-based measurement, MAE was lowest when assessing a model with 88° PC, indicating that high-grade cases can be quantified more reliably. Indeed, MAE was highest when PC angle ranged between 40° and 58° for all the investigated measurement tools. In fact, among these methodologies, AI-based assessment achieved the lowest MAE and highest level of inter-class correlation, with an average measurement time of only 22 s. CONCLUSION: AI-based PC measurement models are more practical and consistent than the alternative curvature assessment tools already available. The AI method described in this study could help surgeons and hypospadiology researchers to measure PC more accurately.

Hypospadias Reconstruction Training: Development of an Ex-Vivo Model for Objective Evaluation of Surgical Skills.

OBJECTIVE: To objectively evaluate technical skill acquisition in hypospadias repair procedures during surgical training using noninvasive wearable sensor technology. METHODS: We combined subjective video evaluations with objective electromyography (EMG) measurements in a hands-on hypospadias training course. Surgeons wore wireless EMG and accelerometer sensors on their dominant hand while performing tasks on ex-vivo cadaveric calf penises. The study focused on 4 skills as follows: urethral mobilization, dorsal inlay graft harvest/implantation, meatal-based flap urethroplasty, and dorsal plication. Machine learning techniques analyzed muscle activation patterns and attributes for assessing surgical precision. RESULTS: The course included 18 participants (10 female, 8 males; average age 40.18 ± 8.46 years) categorized as novice (n = 10, <3 years' experience), intermediate (n = 5, 3-5 years), and expert (n = 3, >5 years). Video evaluations did not reveal significant differences due to short-term training. However, EMG measurements showed significant reductions in average EMG power, total time, dominant frequency, and cumulative muscle workload after training. Additionally, the mean power spectral density of the EMG signal decreased notably post-training. CONCLUSION: This study presents a structured approach for hypospadias training and highlights the effectiveness of wearable sensor technology for objective skill assessment. While video evaluations did not detect significant changes, EMG data provided measurable differences in skill acquisition, suggesting that wearable sensors could enhance objective evaluations of surgical proficiency in residency programs.

Seeking clinical consensus on risk assessment in anatomical infravesical obstruction of boys - A Delphi study.

INTRODUCTION: Infravesical obstruction (IO) is a common urological condition in young boys. Patients may present with various signs and symptoms at different ages, with severity depending to a large extent on the degree of obstruction. Consensus concerning accurate and objective modalities to diagnose IO and to differentiate between an anatomical or functional cause is still lacking. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to reach consensus on the diagnostic determinants that are important to assess the likelihood of anatomical IO in boys and differentiate between an anatomical or functional cause. STUDY DESIGN: A Delphi method was used to establish a list of diagnostic determinants that can be utilized in order to diagnose anatomical IO in boys. An international and interdisciplinary panel of experts was recruited to reach consensus using three sequential rounds of electronic questionnaires. Data were collected using the online survey platform Qualtrics. Rounds one and two were used to define diagnostic determinants. Round three was used to stratify key determinants according to age. RESULTS: All rounds received a response rate of 100%. In round one, consensus was achieved on 44 of a total 79 items. In round two, consensus was achieved on 19 of a total 51 items. Round three identified a variation in key determinants per age group. DISCUSSION: To create an effective tool for assessing IO in boys, key determinants identified in this study will need to be validated in a prospective clinical trial. Due to a large number of determinants and sections, this will not be a trivial task. In addition, since a Delphi study is based on expert opinion, any consensus achieved remains subjective. Diagnostic determinants identified in this study will need to be validated using prospective clinical data. Artificial Intelligence provides techniques for uncovering complex associations that cannot easily be reduced to equations. It may therefore play a pivotal role in the future development of robust IO risk assessment tools. CONCLUSION: An international group of experts agreed that a risk assessment tool for IO in boys would be beneficial for both clinical practice and research purposes. Using a Delphi study methodology, consensus was reached on a set of diagnostic determinants that were considered important to assess the likelihood of IO and differentiate between an anatomical or functional cause. This study paves the way for further research on IO in boys. Eventually this could lead to an accurate and standardized assessment tool for IO.

Artificial Intelligence Tools in Pediatric Urology: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Advances.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is providing novel answers to long-standing clinical problems, and it is quickly changing pediatric urology. This thorough analysis focuses on current developments in AI technologies that improve pediatric urology diagnosis, treatment planning, and surgery results. Deep learning algorithms help detect problems with previously unheard-of precision in disorders including hydronephrosis, pyeloplasty, and vesicoureteral reflux, where AI-powered prediction models have demonstrated promising outcomes in boosting diagnostic accuracy. AI-enhanced image processing methods have significantly improved the quality and interpretation of medical images. Examples of these methods are deep-learning-based segmentation and contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE). These methods guarantee higher precision in the identification and classification of pediatric urological disorders, and AI-driven ground truth construction approaches aid in the standardization of and improvement in training data, resulting in more resilient and consistent segmentation models. AI is being used for surgical support as well. AI-assisted navigation devices help with difficult operations like pyeloplasty by decreasing complications and increasing surgical accuracy. AI also helps with long-term patient monitoring, predictive analytics, and customized treatment strategies, all of which improve results for younger patients. However, there are practical, ethical, and legal issues with AI integration in pediatric urology that need to be carefully navigated. To close knowledge gaps, more investigation is required, especially in the areas of AI-driven surgical methods and standardized ground truth datasets for pediatric radiologic image segmentation. In the end, AI has the potential to completely transform pediatric urology by enhancing patient care, increasing the effectiveness of treatments, and spurring more advancements in this exciting area.