Diagnosis and treatment of the invasive extension of bacteria (cellulitis) from chronic wounds utilising point-of-care fluorescence imaging.

Early diagnosis of wound-related cellulitis is challenging as many classical signs and symptoms of infection (erythema, pain, tenderness, or fever) may be absent. In addition, other conditions (ie, chronic stasis dermatitis) may present with similar clinical findings. Point-of-care fluorescence imaging detects elevated bacterial burden in and around wounds with high sensitivity. This prospective observational study examined the impact of incorporating fluorescence imaging into standard care for diagnosis and management of wound-related cellulitis. Two hundred thirty-six patients visiting an outpatient wound care centre between January 2020 and April 2021 were included in this study. Patients underwent routine fluorescence scans for bacteria (range: 1-48 scans/patient). Wound-related cellulitis was diagnosed in 6.4% (15/236) of patients. In these patients, fluorescence scans showed an irregular pattern of red (bacterial) fluorescence extending beyond the wound bed and periwound that could not be removed through cleansing or debridement, indicating the invasive extension of bacteria (wound-related cellulitis). Point-of-care identification facilitated rapid initiation of treatments (source control and antibiotics, when warranted) that resolved the fluorescence. No patients had worsening of cellulitis requiring intravenous antibiotics and/or hospitalisation. These findings demonstrate the utility of point-of-care fluorescence imaging for efficient detection and proactive, targeted management of wound-related cellulitis.

Uncovering the high prevalence of bacterial burden in surgical site wounds with point-of-care fluorescence imaging.

Detection of bacterial burden within or near surgical wounds is critical to reducing the occurrence of surgical site infection (SSI). A distinct lack of reliable methods to identify postoperative bioburden has forced reliance on clinical signs and symptoms of infection (CSS). As a result, infection management has been reactive, rather than proactive. Fluorescence imaging of bacterial burden (FL) is positioned to potentially flip that paradigm. This post hoc analysis evaluated 58 imaged and biopsied surgical site wounds from the multi-centre fluorescence imaging assessment and guidance clinical trial. Diagnostic accuracy measures of CSS and FL were evaluated. A reader study investigated the impact of advanced image interpretation experience on imaging sensitivity. Forty-four of fifty-eight surgical site wounds (75.8%) had bacterial loads >104  CFU/g (median = 3.11 × 105  CFU/g); however, only 3 of 44 were CSS positive (sensitivity of 6.8%). FL improved sensitivity of bacterial detection by 5.7-fold compared with CSS alone (P = .0005). Sensitivity improved by 11.3-fold over CSS among clinicians highly experienced with FL interpretation (P < .0001). Surgical sites that reach the stage of referral to a wound specialist frequently harbour asymptomatic high bacterial loads that delay healing and increase infection risk. Advanced imaging of pathological bacterial burden improves surgical site monitoring and may reduce the rate of SSIs.

Closed incision negative pressure therapy: international multidisciplinary consensus recommendations.

Surgical site occurrences (SSOs) affect up to or over 25% of patients undergoing operative procedures, with the subset of surgical site infections (SSIs) being the most common. Commercially available closed incision negative pressure therapy (ciNPT) may offer surgeons an additional option to manage clean, closed surgical incisions. We conducted an extensive literature search for studies describing ciNPT use and assembled a diverse panel of experts to create consensus recommendations for when using ciNPT may be appropriate. A literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials using key words 'prevention', 'negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT)', 'active incisional management', 'incisional vacuum therapy', 'incisional NPWT', 'incisional wound VAC', 'closed incisional NPWT', 'wound infection', and 'SSIs' identified peer-reviewed studies published from 2000 to 2015. During a multidisciplinary consensus meeting, the 12 experts reviewed the literature, presented their own ciNPT experiences, identified risk factors for SSOs and developed comprehensive consensus recommendations. A total of 100 publications satisfied the search requirements for ciNPT use. A majority presented data supporting ciNPT use. Numerous publications reported SSI risk factors, with the most common including obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 ); diabetes mellitus; tobacco use; or prolonged surgical time. We recommend that the surgeon assess the individual patient's risk factors and surgical risks. Surgeons should consider using ciNPT for patients at high risk for developing SSOs or who are undergoing a high-risk procedure or a procedure that would have highly morbid consequences if an SSI occurred.

Near-infrared spectroscopy with a provocative maneuver to detect the presence of severe peripheral arterial disease.

Current assessment standards for peripheral arterial disease (PAD), such as the ankle brachial index, are limited in their utility and portability. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has shown some promise in diagnosing PAD when used in conjunction with a provocative maneuver. The purpose of this study was to assess the viability of NIRS in conjunction with a transient leg elevation provocative maneuver for detecting severe PAD. This retrospective observational cross-sectional study assessed 57 limbs in 34 patients receiving routine vascular screening for PAD at Madigan Army Medical Center. The patient limbs were stratified into normal (n = 17), mild (n = 9), moderate (n = 16), and severe (n = 15) PAD groups based on the clinician assessments. Additionally, the patients were assessed with NIRS measurements taken with the patient in the supine position at rest and using a provocative leg raise maneuver of transient leg elevation of 45° for 60 seconds. The resting tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) and the change in StO2 (ΔStO2) from rest to elevation were recorded and compared between the PAD severity groups via independent measures analysis of variance with the Tukey honest significant difference post hoc test. The supine resting StO2 was not different between the normal (77.5% ± 7.7%), mild (72.5% ± 7.4%), moderate (72.0% ± 10.3%), and severe (74.2% ± 5.4%) PAD groups (P = .23). However, the ΔStO2 with transient leg elevation was significantly greater in the severe PAD group (-17.2% ± 6.0%) compared with the normal (-3.9% ± 4.8%), mild (-6.9% ± 4.7%), and moderate (-9.7% ± 5.2%) PAD groups (P < .002 for all). Similar results were observed in the changes in oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin. The leg elevation protocol was also used for two patients before and after lower limb revascularization, which demonstrated that the ΔStO2 corresponded with the clinical assessment of PAD severity. Resting supine NIRS images were unable to detect any differences among normal and limbs with different PAD severity. However, NIRS imaging with 45° leg elevation for 60 seconds showed a significant difference between severe PAD compared healthy patients and those with mild to moderate PAD in a fast, precise, and accurate manner. These preliminary data support the use of NIRS and transient leg elevation as a tool to diagnose severe PAD but do not support the use of NIRS alone as a screening test for PAD. NIRS measurements with leg elevation might be a viable noninvasive, noncontact, and portable method of assessing severe PAD for home monitoring, in rural communities, and/or in standard clinical practice.

Skin Pigmentation Impacts the Clinical Diagnosis of Wound Infection: Imaging of Bacterial Burden to Overcome Diagnostic Limitations.

Underrepresentation of diverse skin tones in medical education and providers' implicit racial bias drives inequities in wound care, such as disproportionally poor outcomes for Black patients. Diagnostic indicators (e.g., erythema) can present differently depending on skin pigmentation. This post hoc analysis of 350 chronic wounds from a prospective 14-site clinical trial aimed to determine how the perception of clinical signs and symptoms of infection (CSS) differs by patient skin tone and if fluorescence-imaging can offer a more objective diagnostic solution. Participants were grouped by skin tone (low, medium, high) as measured by the Fitzpatrick Skin Phototype Classification (FSPC) scale. CSS and total bacterial load (TBL) were compared across FSPC groups, along with sensitivity to detect TBL >104 CFU/g using CSS alone and combined with fluorescence-imaging. Erythema was reported less often with increasing FSPC score (p = 0.05), from 13.4% (low), to 7.2% (medium), to 2.3% (high), despite comparable bacterial loads (median = 1.8 × 106 CFU/g). CSS sensitivity in the high group (2.9%) was 4.8-fold to 8.4-fold lower than the low (p = 0.003) and medium groups (p = 0.04). Fluorescence-imaging significantly improved the detection of high bacterial load in each group, peaking in the high group at 12-fold over CSS alone. These findings underscore the threat of pervasive racialized health inequities in wound care, where missed diagnosis of pathogenic bacteria and infection could delay treatment, increasing the risk of complications and poor outcomes. Fluorescence-imaging is poised to fill this gap, at least in part, serving as a more objective and equitable indicator of wound bacteria. Clinicaltrials.gov #NCT03540004 registered 16-05-2018.

The evolution of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy [NPWT1: a review of science, available devices, and evolution in the usage of NPWT.

Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) is an important clinical tool with multiple published studies reporting more rapid formation of granulation tissue and a decreased time for wound healing.Since the induction of NPWT systems in 1995, there has been wide usage of the device for treatment of wounds. However, the past 18 years has also witnessed a significant shift in the way NPWT is utilized. Meeting the demands and wound care needs of an ever-growing population has resulted in several other companies releasing their versions of the NWPT device. Although there is a significant body of literature supporting the science and clinical advantages of the KCI system, the newer systems differ in terms of suction devices, connecting tubing, and wound interface materials. It cannot be assumed that the newly developed devices have the same science and clinical advantages as the KCI System. The purpose of this article is to review the science behind NPWT, assess and compare the currently available devices, and examine the scientific literature supporting the efficiency and application of NPWT in wound reconstruction.

Axillary sheath hematomas causing neurologic complications following arterial access.

Iatrogenic brachial plexus injuries secondary to expanding hematomas and pseudoaneurysms have been described in limited nature in previously published data. We present the case of a 55-year-old woman who developed neurologic deficits because of a compressive hematoma after axillary arteriography. She underwent emergent exploration of her left arm with decompression of the axillary sheath and brachial artery repair with complete recovery. We describe the presentation, relevant anatomy, and importance of this condition and stress the need for early recognition and surgical intervention to prevent permanent neurologic deficits.

The quick carotid scan for prevention of strokes due to carotid artery disease.

There are approximately 800,000 strokes in the United States (U.S.) annually. This number has remained the same for decades despite efforts at prevention. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that 80% of strokes could be prevented. A prime reason for failure of prevention is that the three immediate modifiable causes of strokes, carotid artery disease (CAD), atrial fibrillation (AFib), and hypertension (HTN) are asymptomatic in 80% of cases prior to the stroke. Strokes occur predominantly in seniors and the only possible means of reducing strokes on a large scale is to screen seniors for the asymptomatic disease so that it can be preemptively managed. We present a quick, accurate and cost-effective method of screening the senior population for asymptomatic carotid disease. The technique is a quick carotid scan (QCS). The QCS is a 1-minute long, image only, rapid, color flow ultrasound scan of the cervical carotid arteries that had a sensitivity of 97% when evaluated at New York University (NYU). Once identified by the QCS the approximately 8% of those screened found to have a positive QCS can then be referred for a full carotid duplex ultrasound (DUS). Those patients with a positive DUS can then be referred for further evaluation and appropriate stroke prevention management. The use of a full carotid DUS for screening widely for carotid disease is too time consuming and too costly. Approximately 160,000 or nearly 20% of the 800,000 strokes that occur annually in the U.S. are due to CAD that could in large part be prevented by screening the senior population with the QCS, finding those with CAD, evaluating them, and preemptively managing them prior to the occurrence of the stroke.

Noninvasive assessment of lower extremity hemodynamics in individuals with diabetes mellitus.

The timely and accurate noninvasive assessment of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a critical component of a limb preservation initiative in patients with diabetes mellitus. Noninvasive vascular studies (NIVS) can be useful in screening patients with diabetes for PAD. In patients with clinical signs or symptoms, NIVS provide crucial information on the presence, location, and severity of PAD, as well as an objective assessment of the potential for primary healing of an index wound or a surgical incision. Appropriately-selected NIVS are important in the decision-making process to determine whether and what type of intervention might be most appropriate, given the clinical circumstances. Hemodynamic monitoring is likewise very important following either an endovascular procedure or a surgical bypass. Surveillance studies, usually with a combination of physiologic testing and imaging with duplex ultrasound, accurately identify recurrent disease prior to the occurrence of thrombosis, allowing targeted reintervention. NIVS can be broadly grouped into three general categories: physiologic or hemodynamic measurements; anatomic imaging; and measurements of tissue perfusion. These types of tests and suggestions for their appropriate application in patients with diabetes are reviewed.

Functional and survival outcomes in traumatic blunt thoracic aortic injuries: An analysis of the National Trauma Databank.

OBJECTIVE: Blunt thoracic aortic injury (BAI) remains a leading cause of trauma deaths, and off-label use of endovascular devices has been increasingly utilized in an effort to reduce the morbidity and mortality in this population. Utilizing a nationwide database, we determined the incidence of BAI, and analyzed both functional and survival outcomes at discharge compared with matched controls. METHODS: Patients with BAI were identified by International Classification of Disease-9 codes from the National Trauma Data Bank (Version 6.2), 2000-2005. Patients were analyzed based on aortic repair, associated physiologic burden, and coexisting injuries. Control groups were matched by age, mechanism, major thoracic Abbreviated Injury Scale score (AIS >/= 3), major head AIS, and major abdominal AIS. Outcomes were assessed using the functional independence measure (FIM) score and overall mortality. FIM scores were scored from 1 (full assistance required) to 4 (fully independent) for three categories: feeding, locomotion, and expression. RESULTS: During the study period, 3,114 patients with BAI were identified among 1.1 million trauma admissions for an overall incidence of 0.3%. One hundred thirteen (4%) were dead on arrival, and 599 (19%) died during triage. Of the patients surviving transport and triage (n = 2402), 29% had a concomitant major abdominal injury and 31% had a major head injury. Sixty-eight percent (1,642) underwent no repair, 28% (665) open aortic repair, and 4% (95) endovascular repair with associated mortality rates of 65%, 19%, and 18%, respectively (P < .05). Aortic repair independently improved survival when controlling for associated injuries and physiologic burden (odds ratio (OR) = 0.36; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.24-0.54, P < .05). Compared with matched controls, BAI resulted in a higher mortality (55% vs. 15%, P < .05), and independently contributed to mortality (OR = 4.04; 95% CI, 3.53-4.63, P < .05). In addition, BAI patients were less likely to be fully independent for feeding (72% vs. 82%, P < .05), locomotion (33% vs. 55%, P < .05), and expression (80% vs 88%, P < .05). CONCLUSION: This manuscript is the first to define the incidence of BAI utilizing the NTDB. Remarkably, two-thirds of patients are unable to undergo attempts at aortic repair, which portends a poor prognosis. When controlling for associated injuries, blunt aortic injury independently impacts survival and results in poor function in those surviving to discharge.

Retrograde stent-graft angioplasty of superficial femoral artery occlusion in a claudicant.

Endovascular therapy has become an accepted mode of therapy for lifestyle-limiting claudication, especially if the disease is confined to the superficial femoral artery (SFA). The standard approach to these lesions is from the contralateral femoral artery and crossing over the aortic bifurcation. In patients who have an aortobifemoral bypass (AFB), this technique is usually not feasible secondary to the angles of the graft. The authors report on their approach to a 60-year-old man with lifestyle-limiting claudication and SFA disease, and an AFB in place. They performed a retrograde approach to the SFA via a small above-knee popliteal artery exposure. They used the recently approved (in the United States) heparin-bonded VIABAHN for the revascularization via this approach, which would have allowed them to proceed to an open bypass procedure if they were unsuccessful in the same setting.

Ultrasound-guided access improves rate of access-related complications for totally percutaneous aortic aneurysm repair.

Previous experience with totally percutaneous aortic aneurysm repair has identified morbid obesity and larger sheath sizes (> or =20F) as complicating factors for percutaneous access closure. We sought to evaluate the impact of ultrasound-guided femoral access on rates of technical success, conversion to open femoral repair, and access-related complications. A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database was performed. All consecutive patients undergoing totally percutaneous closure of large-bore-sheath (>12F) access sites with a suture-mediated closure device were included. The cohort was stratified into two groups by access technique, standard percutaneous femoral access, and ultrasound-guided femoral access. Patient variables were evaluated, and outcome measures included technical success, requirement for conversion to open repair, and access-related complications. Recorded conversions only included those related to access closure technique. During the study period, 88 consecutive patients underwent percutaneous closure of 152 large-bore access sites after endovascular aneurysm repair. There was no difference in the proportion of morbidly obese patients (body mass index >35 kg/m(2)) between the two cohorts. Access-related complications were significantly reduced in the group undergoing ultrasound-guided access. Despite the lower complication profile with ultrasound guidance, 24 sites (41%) had sheath sizes > or =20F compared to only 21 sites (24%) in the standard access group (p<0.05). Evaluating conversions and technical success of percutaneous closure, a significant benefit was identified for sheath sizes > or =20F (p<0.05). Upon comparing the two cohorts, operative time continued to decrease from 154 (+/-64) to 101 (+/-56) min after the addition of ultrasound guidance for access (p<0.05). The addition of ultrasound-guided femoral access to totally percutaneous aortic aneurysm repair continues to increase the technical success rate for vessel closure and has a clinically profound impact on access-related complications. This technical adjunct appears to have the largest impact on patients requiring larger sheath sizes.

Insulated Offloading Provides Offloading Protection and Enhanced Skin Perfusion.

INTRODUCTION: Locally and neurally mediated vasodilation of the cutaneous vasculature has been shown to occur in response to locally and systemically applied heat stresses. The resultant shunting of blood to the periphery can be upwards of 7 L/min to 8 L/min when profound heat stresses are applied. The increased cutaneous circulation from local heat stress may benefit extremities afflicted with a wound or area of compromised arterial supply. Insulating the extremity also may increase local cutaneous perfusion. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine if increased local warmth from an insulated offloading boot or mitt (designed to protect an extremity from trauma, offload the extremity to prevent pressure ulcers, and insulate the extremity to minimize heat loss) also results in increased local cutaneous perfusion using indocyanine green fluorescence angiography (ICGFA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine patients from an outpatient wound care clinic with a wound or area of compromised arterial supply on the upper or lower extremity were studied prior to and following a minimum of a single 60-minute session of insulated offloading boot or mitt use utilizing ICGFA. Measurements taken were time to first onset of fluorescence (seconds) and ingress and egress rates for the area of concern and the remainder of the area imaged. RESULTS: All 9 patients exhibited signs of increased local warmth by a mean of 3.1ºF while body temperature decreased by a mean of 1.2ºF. Local cutaneous perfusion increased with a mean change of 1 for the ingress rate to the area of concern and a mean change of 0.1 to the remainder of the area imaged. Also, ICGFA was able to demonstrate preferential shunting of the increased cutaneous perfusion to the site of most need. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest enhanced skin perfusion may be an additional advantage of insulated offloading boot or mitt use.

Treatment of Nonreconstructable Critical Limb Ischemia With Ischemic Wounds Utilizing a Noninvasive Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Device Monitored With Fluorescence Angiography.

INTRODUCTION: Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a leading cause of lower extremity amputation. When CLI is identified, revascularization should be performed if possible. When options for revascularization do not exist, use of a noninvasive intermittent pneumatic compression device (NPCD) can be considered. OBJECTIVE: Presented here are 2 cases of patients with nonreconstructable CLI at risk for limb loss who were serially assessed with indocyanine green fluorescence angiography (ICGFA) to determine the effects of NPCD use on local tissue perfusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Both patients were treated with the NPCD for 1 hour, 3 times per day, for 4 weeks. Serial ICGFA utilizing a ICGFA device was performed at various time points to monitor the effects of NPCD use on tissue perfusion. RESULTS: The treatment of both patients with serial ICGFA provided limited objective evidence of increased local tissue perfusion which expedited wound resolution. CONCLUSIONS: Larger randomized control trials of this modality of perfusion assessment and NPCD use are recommended.

The diabetic foot.

Lower extremity complications are common in patients with diabetes and include neuropathy, ulceration, infection, and peripheral arterial disease. Foot infections represent the single most common cause of hospitalization and lower extremity amputation in persons with diabetes. Foot ulceration as a result of diabetic peripheral sensory neuropathy, rigid osseous deformities and soft-tissue contractures, repetitive trauma from unprotected ambulation, and peripheral vascular disease can all lead to a limb- or life-threatening infection. Antibiotic therapy for diabetic soft-tissue and osseous infections is usually inadequate as an isolated form of therapy. The mainstay of treatment involves well-planned surgical procedures, including extensive and properly placed incisions to perform adequate drainage of abscesses and débridement of necrotic soft-tissue and osseous structures from which deep cultures are obtained for specific antibiotic coverage. Initial antibiotic therapy should provide broad-spectrum coverage, and when final culture results are available the regimen should be revised to organism-specific coverage. Detailed and timely evaluation of the vascularity of the limb is paramount, followed by timely vascular reconstruction involving various endovascular and open surgical procedures to restore pulsatile flow to the full extent of the limb.

Application of the Mangled Extremity Severity Score in a combat setting.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the Mangled Extremity Severity Score (MESS) in a combat setting. METHODS: Data on extremity injuries were collected from a forward surgical team. MESS and Revised Trauma Score values were retrospectively calculated for each patient. Student's t test was used to compare amputated and salvaged limbs. RESULTS: A total of 60 extremities was identified in 49 patients. There were 10 major vascular repairs (20%). MESS values differed significantly for the eight amputations performed (mean MESS, 7.87 +/- 1.91) and 50 salvaged extremities (mean MESS, 2.44 +/-_ 0.438; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A MESS of >7 correlated with amputation, thus validating the MESS in a combat setting. A young average patient age and high-energy injury mechanism on the battlefield leave ischemic time and shock as the most important factors in dictating whether a MESS is >7 or <7.

Control of lower extremity edema in patients with diabetes: Double blind randomized controlled trial assessing the efficacy of mild compression diabetic socks.

AIMS: Persons with diabetes frequently present with lower extremity (LE) edema; however, compression therapy is generally avoided for fear of compromising arterial circulation in a population with a high prevalence of peripheral arterial disease. This double blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) assessed whether diabetic socks with mild compression could reduce LE edema in patients with diabetes without negatively impacting vascularity. METHODS: Eighty subjects with LE edema and diabetes were randomized to receive either mild-compression knee high diabetic socks (18-25mmHg) or non-compression knee high diabetic socks. Subjects were instructed to wear the socks during all waking hours. Follow-up visits occurred weekly for four consecutive weeks. Edema was quantified through midfoot, ankle, and calf circumferences and cutaneous fluid measurements. Vascular status was tracked via ankle brachial index (ABI), toe brachial index (TBI), and skin perfusion pressure (SPP). RESULTS: Seventy-seven subjects (39 controls and 38 mild-compression subjects) successfully completed the study. No statistical differences between the two groups in terms of age, body mass index, gender, and ethnicity. Repeated measures analysis of variance and Sidak corrections for multiple comparisons were used for data analyses. Subjects randomized to mild-compression diabetic socks demonstrated significant decreases in calf and ankle circumferences at the end of treatment as compared to baseline. LE circulation did not diminish throughout the study with no significant decreases in ABI, TBI or SPP for either group. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this RCT suggest that mild compression diabetic socks may be effectively and safely used in patients with diabetes and LE edema.

Rapid high-volume population screening for three major risk factors of future stroke: phase I results.

Three proximate risk factors for stroke are carotid stenosis, atrial fibrillation, and hypertension. Phase I of this prospective study was designed to establish the prevalence of these conditions among a population of health maintenance organization beneficiaries by using a rapid screening protocol in order to risk-stratify patients for appropriate management and subsequent cohort analysis. Patients at a tertiary care medical center were screened for stroke risk by using directed history, a 3-minute carotid "quick-scan'' protocol, an EKG lead II rhythm strip, and bilateral arm blood pressures. Patients with any abnormal result underwent specific diagnostic consultation with vascular surgery, cardiology, or primary care. These evaluations included formal carotid duplex ultrasound, 12-lead EKG +/- Holter monitor, and 5-day blood pressure check. Patients were then stratified into risk cohorts for appropriate management and future analysis of stroke incidence and outcomes. In 8 hours on a single day in October 2002, 294 patients (mean age 69) were screened. Combining history with results of screening and diagnostic tests, the overall prevalence of carotid stenosis was 6% (n = 17/294), atrial fibrillation 7% (n = 21/294), and severe hypertension 5% (n = 16/294). Fifty-nine patients (20%) screened positive for carotid stenosis by "quick-scan,'' and 29% (n = 17/59) of these had confirmed stenosis (>50%) in 1 or both arteries by formal duplex. The prevalence of confirmed carotid stenosis was 37% among those screening positive for 1 artery (odds ratio [OR] 14.6; p<0.001) and 75% among those screening positive for both (OR 74.7; p<0.001). Significant independent predictors of carotid stenosis by multivariate analysis included coronary artery disease or myocardial infarction, smoking, stroke or transient ischemic attack, male gender, and white race (all p<0.05). The prevalence of confirmed stenosis was 10% with any 3 predictors alone (OR 2.5; p<0.05), 31% with any 4 (OR 21.2; p<0.001), and 50% with all 5 (OR 46.5; p<0.001). Thirty-three patients (11%) were found to have a previously unidentified and untreated arrhythmia, and 12% (n = 4/33) of these had confirmed new atrial fibrillation; 158 patients (54%) had moderate hypertension and 16 (5%) had severe hypertension (>180/100). Overall, 82% (n = 242/294) of patients screened required additional diagnostic tests. Based on these results, 11% (n = 31/294) of patients were stratified as high risk, 64% (n = 188/294) as moderate risk, and 25% (n = 75/294) as low risk for future stroke. Rapid and efficient screening of a large population for stroke risk factors is feasible. The prevalence of undiagnosed, unsurveilled, and untreated carotid stenosis, atrial fibrillation, and severe hypertension is significant, as 75% of patients screened had 1 or more confirmed major risk factors for stroke. Phase II of this study will investigate the degree of stroke risk reduction possible with a multidisciplinary approach to early identification and aggressive treatment of these risks.

The significance of incidental thyroid abnormalities identified during carotid duplex ultrasonography.

HYPOTHESIS: Incidental thyroid masses identified during carotid duplex ultrasonography may represent clinically significant lesions. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective review of a prospective database in a tertiary care referral center. PATIENTS: A total of 2004 consecutive patients from January, 2000, through January, 2002, undergoing carotid duplex ultrasonography. INTERVENTIONS: After bilateral carotid duplex ultrasonography, selected patients additionally underwent 1 or more of the following: dedicated thyroid ultrasound, fine-needle aspiration biopsy, and/or partial or total thyroidectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The prevalence and type of thyroid abnormalities, correlation with a dedicated thyroid ultrasound, and results of histopathologic diagnosis. RESULTS: One or more thyroid abnormalities were identified in 188 duplexes (9.4%) involving 168 patients. Abnormalities were unilateral in 84 patients (50.6%) and bilateral in 81 patients (49.4%). Seventy-seven abnormalities (47%) were cystic, 72 (43%) were solid, and 16 (10%) were of mixed consistency. Sixty-six of the patients (40%) went on to have formal thyroid ultrasounds. Forty-five patients (70.3%) had masses greater than 1 cm on ultrasound. Based on ultrasound findings, 29 of 66 (44%) underwent fine-needle aspiration biopsy, with 13 of 66 (19.7%) eventually undergoing surgery. Surgical pathology included 5 patients with cancer (3 with papillary cancer, 2 with follicular cancer), 4 patients with a follicular adenoma, and 2 with lymphocytic thyroiditis). Two additional patients were discovered to have parathyroid adenomas following further workup and surgery. Thyroid abnormalities identified during carotid duplex ultrasonography correlated with formal ultrasound in 64 of 66 (97%) patients. Measurement of the thyroid mass by carotid duplex strongly correlated with measurement by formal thyroid ultrasound (r = 0.95, P<.001). Two patients with unilateral masses noted on carotid duplex had a normal thyroid formal ultrasound. CONCLUSIONS: Incidental thyroid abnormalities identified during carotid duplex ultrasound are common and contain clinically significant pathology. A multidisciplinary clinical pathway may facilitate the appropriate evaluation of these abnormalities.