ß-Citronellol: a potential anti-inflammatory and gastro-protective agent-mechanistic insights into its modulatory effects on COX-II, 5-LOX, eNOS, and ICAM-1 pathways through in vitro, in vivo, in silico, and network pharmacology studies.

BACKGROUND: The current study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and pronounced gastro-protective activities of ß- Citronellol using in vitro, in vivo assays and in silico approaches. METHODS: In vitro assays, denaturation of bovine serum albumin, egg protein, and human Red Blood Cells (RBCs) membrane stabilization were performed, using Piroxicam as standard. For in vivo assessment, Histamine (0.1 ml from 1% w/v) and Formaldehyde (0.1 ml from 2% v/v) were used to mediate inflammation. In silico molecular docking and network pharmacology were employed to probe the possible target genes mediating gastroprotective effect of ß-Citronellol at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, using indomethacin-induced (25 mg/kg i.p) gastric ulcer in rats. Moreover, Gastric tissues were evaluated for morphological, histopathological, and bio-chemical analysis of PGE2, COX-I, COX-II, 5-LOX, eNOS, ICAM-1, oxygen-free radical scavengers (SOD, CAT), and oxidative stress marker (MDA). RESULTS: ß-Citronellol prevented denaturation of proteins and RBCs membrane stabilization with maximum effect observed at 6,400 µg/mL. Citronellol decreased rat's paw edema. Network pharmacology and docking studies revealed gastro-protective potential of Citronellol possibly mediated through arachidonic acid pathways by targeting COX-I, COX-II, PGE2, and 5-LOX. Citronellol reduced the ulcer indices, and histopathological changes. Further, ß-Citronellol (50 and 100 mg/kg) increased gastric PGE2, COX-1, and eNOS; while suppressing COX-2, 5-LOX and ICAM-1. Citronellol markedly enhanced the oxidative balance in isolated rat stomach tissues. CONCLUSIONS: The anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and gastro-protective effects of ß-Citronellol against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer model in rats through mediating COX-I, COX-II, PGE2, 5-LOX, eNOS, and ICAM-1 inflammatory markers.

Hesperetin protects against rotenone-induced motor disability and neurotoxicity via the regulation of SIRT1/NLRP3 signaling.

Rotenone is a pesticide that causes complex I inhibition and is widely known to induce motor disability and experimental Parkinson's disease (PD) in rodents. Evidence suggests a crucial role for sirtuin/nuclear factor-kappaB/nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (SIRT1/NFκB/NLRP3) signaling and inflammation in PD and rotenone neurotoxicity. Hesperetin (C16H14O6) is a citrus flavonoid with documented anti-inflammatory activity. We investigated the value of hesperetin in delaying rotenone-induced PD in mice and the possible modulation of inflammatory burden. PD was induced in mice via rotenone injections. Groups were assigned as a vehicle, PD, or PD + hesperetin (50 or 100 mg/kg) and compared for the motor function, protein level (by ELISA), and gene expression (by real-time PCR) of the target proteins, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme. Hesperetin (50 or 100 mg/kg) alleviated the motor disability and the striatal dopamine level and decreased the expression of NLRP3 and NF-κB but increased SIRT1 expression (p < 0.05). Further, it enhanced the neural viability and significantly decreased neural degeneration in the substantia nigra, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex (p < 0.05). Taken together, we propose that hesperetin mediates its neuroprotective function via alleviating modulation of the SIRT1/NFκB/NLRP3 pathway. Therefore, hesperetin might delay the PD progression.

Plasma lipid profile: a predictive marker of disease severity among COVID-19 patients-an opportunity for low-income countries.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and plasma lipid profile levels in mild and severe COVID-19 patients. Method: This was a prospective, observational, cohort study, conducted in a medical referral center specializing in management of COVID-19 cases. Patients were divided into two groups according to infection severity (mild and severe). Blood samples were obtained from all patients who tested positive to a PCR test for measuring biochemical and inflammatory markers such as lactate dehydrogenase, ferritin, C-reactive protein, and d-dimer, as well as lipid profile, including total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), which were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Pearson's correlation was used to assess the correlation between BMI and plasma lipid profile among mild and severe cases. Results: The levels of plasma triacylglycerols, d-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase, ferritin, and C-reactive protein with severe infection were significantly different between patients with mild and severe COVID-19 symptoms (p = 0.036, 0.03, 0.001, 0.014, and 0.006, respectively). A positive correlation between BMI and triglyceride levels was observed only in the severe infection group. However, HDL-C was negatively correlated with BMI. Conclusion: A routine lipid profile test might help as a marker of inflammation and risk stratification in patients with COVID-19. Especially in middle- or low-income countries, the test can rapidly help clinicians to delineate prognostic measures and hence management and treatment plans for this disease as the levels of the lipid profile were correlated with the patients' BMI and infection severity.

Beneficial effects of rosiglitazone and losartan combination in diabetic rats.

Diabetes with vascular complication needs strict interventions to retard possible serious complications. This research estimated the possible interaction of rosiglitazone (RGN) with losartan (Los) in diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into nondiabetic rats, diabetic rats, and diabetic rats that received RGN, Los, or a combination of RGN and Los. Measurement of serum glucose, vascular adhesion molecule-1, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, aortic lipid peroxide (malondialdehyde), glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and total nitrate/nitrite levels was done. Also, the effects of RGN on the relaxation created by acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside, contraction of isolated aortic rings provoked by phenylephrine and angiotensin II were determined. Results revealed that RGN or Los had a vasodilating effect to variable degrees indicated by enhanced effects on both acetylcholine-induced relaxation and the antagonistic effect on angiotensin II and phenylephrine-stimulated contraction of diabetic aortas with significant amelioration in serum glucose, vascular adhesion molecule-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels and aortic oxidant/antioxidant balance. Treatment of diabetic rats with a combination of RGN and Los produced a more pronounced effect on the measured parameters compared to the diabetic, RGN-, and Los-treated groups. These findings point out the beneficial effects of RGN and Los combination in diabetic rats.

Influence of alpha-lipoic acid on nicotine-induced lung and liver damage in experimental rats.

Nicotine mediates some of the injurious effects caused by consuming tobacco products. This work aimed at investigating the defensive role of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) with its known antioxidant and antiinflammatory effect in nicotine-induced lung and liver damage. Rats were arranged into 4 groups: control, nicotine, ALA, and ALA-nicotine groups. Oxidative stress and antioxidant status were determined by assessing thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) levels in lung and liver. Liver enzymes and lipid profiles were measured and pulmonary and hepatic damage were assessed by histopathological examination. Also, serum levels of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-ß1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) were determined. The results revealed an increase in TBARS in tissues and a reduction in both SOD and GSH activity in the nicotine-treated rats. Nicotine induced high levels of liver enzymes, TGF-ß1, VCAM-1, and dyslipidemia with histopathological changes in the lung and liver. ALA administration along with nicotine attenuated oxidative stress and normalized the SOD and GSH levels, ameliorated dyslipidemia, and improved TGF-ß1 and VCAM-1 with better histopathology of the lung and liver. The study data revealed that ALA may be beneficial in alleviating nicotine-induced oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and both lung and liver damage.

Ameliorative effect of trimetazidine on cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

This study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of trimetazidine (TMZ) against cisplatin (CP) induced liver damage in rats. Animals were distributed among 4 groups as follows: control group; TMZ group (20 mg/kg body mass, per oral), which was treated for 10 days; CP group (6 mg/kg, by intraperitoneal injection), which received a single injection; and the CP + TMZ group (20 mg/kg, per oral), which received TMZ 4 days before and 6 days after CP injection. The extent of hepatic damage was studied by assessing biochemical parameters and histopathological evaluation of the extracted liver tissue. The results revealed that liver enzymes were markedly elevated after injection of CP, as evident from significant increases in the serum levels of alanine transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as marked changes to the liver architecture, with a significant decrease in serum levels of albumin. There were also marked changes to the antioxidant defense system, as indicated by significant decreases in total antioxidants and hepatic levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), together with a significant increase in lipid peroxidation. However, there was a significant increase in the activity of hepatic nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) as well as hepatic Bax protein expression. We conclude that TMZ protects against CP-induced liver damage through scavenging free radicals and anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects, as well as through reducing NF-κB activation.

BAO-Ag-NPs as Promising Suppressor of ET-1/ICAM-1/VCAM-1 Signaling Pathway in ISO-induced AMI in Rats.

OBJECTIVES: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the most prevalent cause of myocardial fibrosis and the leading cause of mortality from cardiovascular disease. The goal of this work was to synthesize Balanites aegyptiaca oil-silver nanoparticles (BAO-Ag-NPs) and evaluate their cardioprotective effect against ISO-induced myocardial infarction in rats, as well as their mechanism. METHODS: BAO was isolated, and the unsaturated fatty acids were estimated. BAO-Ag-NPs was prepared, LD50 was calculated to evaluate its cardioprotective activity against ISO (85 mg/kg)- induced AMI. Different doses of BAO-Ag-NPs (1/50 LD50; 46.6 mg/kg.b.w and 1/20 LD50; 116.5 mg) were received to the rats. RESULTS: The total fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids generated by BAO were 909.63 and 653.47 mg/100 g oil, respectively. Oleic acid methyl ester, 9-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester, and 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester were the predominant ingredients, with concentrations of 107.6, 243.42, and 256.77 mg/100 g oil, respectively. According to TEM and DLS examinations, BAO-Ag-NPs have a size of 38.20±2.5 nm and a negative zeta potential of -19.82 ± 0.30 mV, respectively. The LD50 of synthesized BAO-Ag-NPs is 2330 mg. On the other hand, BAO-Ag-NPs reduce myocardial necrosis by lowering increased BNP, cTnI, CK-MB, TC, TG, MDA, MMP2, TGF-ß1, PGE2, and IL-6 levels. Furthermore, BAO-Ag-NPs inhibit the expression of ET-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 genes. BAO-Ag-NPs given to ISO-treated rats enhance HDL-C, CAT, and GSH levels when compared to the ISO-treated group of rats. Histopathological findings suggested that BAO-Ag-NPs enhance cardiac function by increasing posterior wall thickness in heart tissues. CONCLUSION: BAO-Ag-NPs protect against AMI in vivo by regulating inflammation, excessive autophagy, and oxidative stress, as well as lowering apoptosis via suppression of the ET-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 signaling pathways.

BAAE-AgNPs Improve Symptoms of Diabetes in STZ-induced Diabetic Rats.

OBJECTIVES: Nanoparticles can be employed to improve the therapeutic activity of natural products. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a serious health condition that has spread like a "modern pandemic" worldwide. In the present study, we developed silver nanoparticles, Ag-NPs, with an aqueous extract from Balanites aegyptiaca to investigate their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats. METHODS: Aqueous extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca seeds (BAAE) were used in the synthesis of BAAE-AgNPs, which were characterized using FTIR and TEM. Different doses of BAAE-AgNP (1/50 LD50; 29.4 mg/kg b.w. and 1/20 LD50: 73.5 mg/kg b.w.) were administered to STZ-induced diabetic rats to evaluate their potential antidiabetic activity. RESULTS: FTIR spectral data indicated the presence of flavonoids and polyphenols in BAAEAgNPs. The size of the BAAE-AgNPs, determined by TEM examination, was 49.33 ± 7.59 nm, with a zeta potential of +25.37. BAAE-AgNPs were characterized by an LD50 value of 1470 mg/kg b.w. In diabetic rats, the daily oral administration of both doses of BAAE-AgNPs (29.4 and 73.5 mg/kg b.w.) for 12 weeks resulted in a significant improvement in body weight, insulin homeostasis, HbA1c, HDL-C, MDA, and pancreatic SOD, CAT, and GSH. They reduced plasma glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides. This treatment also resulted in a significant decrease in pancreatic IL-6, p53, and TNF-α in diabetic rats. Furthermore, BAAE-AgNPs down-regulated pancreatic TGF-ß1 and Akt gene expression in diabetic rats and resulted in a significant decrease in the regulation of hepatic GLUT-2, as well as an increase in the regulation of hepatic GK and pancreatic B-cl2 gene expression. The histopathological results obtained indicated that BAAEAgNPs improved pancreatic tissue metabolism by enhancing antioxidant enzymes, suppressing inflammatory cytokines, and scavenging free radicals. CONCLUSION: The findings implied that similar to the glibenclamide-treated groups, in the BAAEAgNPs treated group, the compromised antioxidant status normalized in STZ-induced diabetes. By scavenging free radicals, BAAE-Ag-NPs protected against lipid peroxidation while reducing the risk of complications from diabetes. Compared to the daily dose of 29.4 mg, the impact was more prominent at 73.5 mg.

Vanin 1 Gene Role in Modulation of iNOS/MCP-1/TGF-ß1 Signaling Pathway in Obese Diabetic Patients.

Introduction: Cysteamine, a powerful endogenous antioxidant, is produced mostly by the vanin-1 with pantetheinase activity. With regard to glycemic, inflammatory, and redox factors, the current study sought to evaluate the association between the expression of the vanin-1 gene, oxidative stress, and inflammatory and iNOS signaling pathway in obese diabetic patients. Methods: We enrolled 67 male subjects with an average age of 53.5 ± 5.0 years, divided into 4 groups according to the WHO guideline. We determined their plasma levels of glucose, insulin, IRI, HbA1c, TC, TG, HDL-C, TNF- α, MCP-1, TGF-ß1, SOD, CAT, and TBARs, as well as expression of the iNOS and Vanin1 genes. Results: Overweight and obese class I and II diabetics had significantly higher levels of plasma glucose, insulin, HbA1c, TNF-α, MCP-1, TGF-ß1, CAT, and TBAR as well as iNOS and vanin-1 gene expression compared to healthy control individuals. In addition, as compared to healthy control individuals, overweight obese class I and II diabetics' plasma HDL-C levels and blood SOD activity were significantly lower. In addition, ultrasound and computed tomography showed that the presence of a mild obscuring fatty liver with mild hepatic echogenicity appeared in overweight, class I and II obese diabetic patients. Conclusion: These findings provide important information for understanding the correlation between Vanin 1 and glycemic, inflammatory, and redox factors in obese patients. Furthermore, US and CT analysis were performed to visualize the observed images of fatty liver due to obesity.

The Anti-Rheumatic Drug, Leflunomide, Induces Nephrotoxicity in Mice via Upregulation of TGFß-Mediated p53/Smad2/3 Signaling.

Recent studies indicated renal toxicity and interstitial nephritis in patients receiving leflunomide (LEFN), but the exact mechanism is still unknown. The transforming growth factor ß (TGFß)/p53/Smad2/3 pathway crucially mediates renal fibrosis. We aimed to assess the nephrotoxic effect of LEFN in mice and the possible role of TGFß-stimulated p53/SMAD2/3 signaling. The study design involved distributing sixty male albino mice into four groups: (i) vehicle-treated mice, (ii) LEFN (2.5 mg/kg), (iii) LEFN (5 mg/kg), and (iv) LEFN (10 mg/kg). The drug was given orally every 48 h and continued for 8 weeks. Blood samples were then taken from mice for the determination of kidney function parameters. Right kidneys were used for histopathologic staining and immunohistochemistry, whereas left kidneys were frozen and used for Western blot analysis of the target proteins, p-p53 and Smad2/3. Results indicated that chronic administration of LEFN in mice resulted in a four- and nine-fold increase in serum urea and creatinine levels, respectively. Kidney specimens stained with hematoxylin and eosin or periodic acid-Schiff showed significant histopathological manifestations, such as cellular irregularity, interstitial congestion, and moderate lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate in mice treated with LEFN. Western blotting indicated upregulation of the p-p53/Smad2/3 proteins. LEFN, especially in the highest dose (10 mg/kg), produced prominent nephrotoxicity in mice. This toxicity is mediated through stimulating fibrotic changes through TGFß-stimulated p53/Smad2/3 signaling and induction of glomerular and tubular apoptosis. An improved understanding of LEFN-induced nephrotoxicity would have great implications in the prediction, prevention, and management of leflunomide-treated rheumatic patients, and may warrant further clinical studies for following up these toxidromes.

Vitamin D Supplementation Improves Uterine Receptivity in a Rat Model of Vitamin D Deficiency: A Possible Role of HOXA-10/FKBP52 Axis.

Synchronized uterine receptivity with the time of implantation is crucial for pregnancy continuity. Vitamin D (VD) deficiency has been linked to the failure of implantation. Therefore, we tested the link between the Homeobox transcription factor-10/immunophilin FK506-binding protein 52 (HOXA-10/FKBP52) axis and the uterine receptivity in VD-deficient rats. The effect of VD supplementation at different doses was also investigated. Forty-eight pregnant rats were divided into six groups (eight/group); normal control rats fed with standard chow (control), control rats supplemented with VD (equivalent dose of 400 IU/day) (control-D400). VD-deficient group (DEF) and the three VD deficiency groups with VD supplementation were equivalent to 400, 4,000, and 10,000 IU/day (DEF-D400, DEF-D4000, and DEF-D10000, respectively). The expression levels of HOXA-10/FKBP52, progesterone level, and histological evaluation of decidualization using osteopontin (OSN) and progesterone receptor (PGR) were estimated. An assessment of the uterine contractility was conducted for all rats. This study showed the downregulation of HOXA-10/FKBP52 together with increased amplitude and frequency of the uterine contractility in the DEF group compared to control. VD dose-dependent supplementation restored progesterone/receptor competency, upregulated the expressional response of HOXA-10 and its downstream FKBP52, and improved uterine receptivity and endometrial decidualization at the time of implantation that was documented by increased area% of OSN and the number of implantation beads.

Sitagliptin enhances the neuroprotective effect of pregabalin against pentylenetetrazole-induced acute epileptogenesis in mice: Implication of oxidative, inflammatory, apoptotic and autophagy pathways.

The current investigation aimed at studying the anti-epileptogenic effect of sitagliptin. The possible effect of the drug in combination with pregabalin in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)- induced seizures was studied. In addition, the postulated mechanisms that could mediate such effect were explored namely, suppression of oxidative stress and neuro-inflammatory markers, autophagy and apoptosis. Seven days prior to PTZ (60 mg/kg, sc) injection, mice were treated with sitagliptin (5, 15, and 60 mg/kg, twice daily, orally) or pregabalin (30 mg/kg, once daily, orally) or their combination. At the end of the experiment, several parameters were assessed including: oxidative/nitro-oxidative stress such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GP-x) catalase (CAT), and lipid peroxidation assessed as malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrate/nitrite (NOx), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT). Seizure latency was evaluated. Neuronal damage was also assessed by performing tissue staining by hematoxylin and eosin, estimating hippocampus level of glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Also, markers for inflammation, autophagy and apoptosis were measured, nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2- like 2 (Nrf2), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), phosphatidylethanolamine-conjugated form of microtubule-associated protein light chain-3 (LC3-II), casapase-3, Bcl-2-like protein 4 (BAX) and glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) activity. Sitagliptin significantly suppressed epileptogenesis in PTZ-induced seizures. Sitagliptin counteracted neuronal damage and all biochemical, and histo-chemical alteration induced by PTZ. Also, a more significant protective effect was observed after combination with pregabalin. This study is indicative for the antiepileptogenic potential of sitagliptin with or without pregabalin in the PTZ model of epilepsy which is likely to be through its effect on antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and autophagic pathways.

The selective tyrosine kinase-inhibitor nilotinib alleviates experimentally induced cisplatin nephrotoxicity and heptotoxicity.

This work tested the action of nilotinib, selective inhibitor of tyrosine kinase on cisplatin (CP)-induced damage of kidney and liver in rats. Rats were assigned to 4 groups, control, nilotinib, CP, and CP plus nilotinib. Assessment of kidney and liver function, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant markers, anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2, nuclear factor- kappa B (NF-κB) immunoreactivity, and caspase 3 activity were done. CP-induced damage evidenced by histopathological changes, deterioration of renal and liver function, imbalance in oxidants/antioxidants markers, decreased Bcl2, increased caspase 3 activity, and NF-κB nuclear expression in both organs. Nilotinib treatment with CP restored kidney and liver oxidants/antioxidant levels also increased Bcl2 and decreased NF-κB immunoreactivity were evident with nilotinib treatment. In conclusions these results demonstrated a protective effect of nilotinib in experimentally induced CP kidney and liver damage that could be mediated through combating oxidative stress, reducing inflammation and anti-apoptosis in the two organs.

Tiron ameliorates oxidative stress and inflammation in a murine model of airway remodeling.

Airway remodeling includes lung structural changes that have a role in the irreversibility of pulmonary dysfunction shown in chronic bronchial asthmatics. The current experiment investigated the effect of the mitochondrial antioxidant, tiron in comparison with dexamethasone (DEXA) on airway remodeling in chronic asthma. Sensitized BALB/c mice were challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) aerosol for 8weeks, OVA sensitized-challenged mice were treated with either DEXA or tiron, respectively. After that, lung tissue and bronchoaveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were used for measurement of different biological markers. Lungs were examined for histopathological changes and immunohistochemistry. Upon comparing with vehicle treated animals, trion or DEXA treatment significantly reduced eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages count in the BALF. Both drugs significantly alleviated chronic OVA-induced oxidative stress as illustrated by decreased pulmonary malondialdenhyde (MDA) and increased glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Asthmatic mice exhibited elevated levels of NOx, IL-13 and TGF-ß1 that were reduced by DEXA and tiron. Histopathological changes and increased immunoreactivity of nuclear factor-Kappa B (NF-κ B) in OVA-challenged mice were minimized by tiron and DEXA treatment. In conclusion, in this model of chronic asthma DEXA and tiron ameliorated airway remodeling and inflammation in experimental chronic asthma with no difference between the effect of tiron and DEXA. Tiron has a potential role as adjuvant treatment in chronic asthma.

Effect of tiron on remote organ injury in rats with severe acute pancreatitis induced by L-arginine.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an acute inflammatory disorder of the pancreas that can be complicated by involvement of other remote organs. Oxidative stress is known to have a crucial role in the development of pancreatic acinar damage and one of the main causes in multisystem organ failure in experimental AP. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of tiron on pancreas and remote organ damage in L-arginine (L-Arg) induced AP rat model. Thirty-two male rats were divided in random into four groups: control, tiron, L-Arg, and tiron with L-Arg. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were withdrawn for biochemical analysis. The pancreas, lung, kidney, and liver were collected for histopathological examination. Estimation of pancreatic water content was done. Analysis of pulmonary, hepatic, renal, and pancreatic lipid peroxide levels (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were carried out. Finally, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1) expression in pancreatic tissue was determined. Results indicated that treatment with tiron significantly decreased lipid peroxide levels and markedly increased both SOD activity and GSH level. Moreover, histopathological analysis further confirmed that administration of tiron relatively ameliorates pancreatic acinar cells and remote organ damage. Increased immunoreactivity of NF-κB and TGF-ß1 were reduced also by tiron treatment. These findings pointed out the protective role of the mitochondrial antioxidant, tiron against AP induced by L-Arg.

Agmatine protects rat liver from nicotine-induced hepatic damage via antioxidative, antiapoptotic, and antifibrotic pathways.

Tobacco smoking with its various forms is a global problem with proved hazardous effects to human health. The present work was planned to study the defending role of agmatine (AGM) on hepatic oxidative stress and damage induced by nicotine in rats. Thirty-two rats divided into four groups were employed: control group, nicotine-only group, AGM group, and AGM-nicotine group. Measurements of serum hepatic biochemical markers, lipid profile, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were done. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) activity, and nitrate/nitrite (NOx) levels were estimated in the liver homogenates. Immunohistochemistry for Bax and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß1) and histopathology of the liver were also included. Data of the study demonstrated that nicotine administration exhibited marked liver deterioration, an increase in liver enzymes, changes in lipid profile, and an elevation in MDA with a decline in levels of SOD, GSH, and NOx (nitrate/nitrite). Also, levels of proapoptotic Bax and profibrotic TGF-ß1 showed marked elevation in the liver. AGM treatment to rats in nicotine-only group ameliorated all the previous changes. These findings indicate that AGM could successfully overcome the nicotine-evoked hepatic oxidative stress and tissue injury, apoptosis, and fibrosis.

Amelioration of cyclosporine induced nephrotoxicity by dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor vildagliptin.

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an immunosuppressive drug used in organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases but its clinical uses may be limited due to its dose-related nephrotoxicity. This study was carried out to evaluate the possible protective effects of vildagliptin (VLD) against CsA-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Animals were divided into four groups treated as follows: control group (CsA & VLD vehicle); VLD group (10mg/kg/day, orally); CsA group (20mg/kg in sunflower oil, S.C.); and CsA-VLD group (CsA &VLD). Induced nephrotoxicity was evidenced by a significant elevation of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and urinary micro total proteins (MTP), while serum albumin and urinary creatinine clearance were significantly decreased compared to the control group. Moreover, renal dysfunction was further confirmed by a significant increase in renal lipid peroxide that was measured as renal malondialdehyde (MDA). Renal reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly decreased. Nephrotoxicity was further confirmed by renal tissue histopathology. Also, a high protein expression of Bax with decreased Bcl-2 was revealed in the renal tissue of the CsA treated group. Administration of VLD significantly ameliorated the nephrotoxic effects of CsA suggesting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic benefits of VLD in CsA-induced nephrotoxicity.