Persistent Opioid Use After Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Procedures.

BACKGROUND: Prescription opioids are a major contributor to the ongoing epidemic of persistent opioid use (POU). The incidence of POU among opioid-naïve patients after cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) procedures is unknown. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used data from a national administrative claims database from 2004 to 2018 of patients undergoing CIED procedures. Adult patients were included if they were opioid-naïve during the 180-day period before the procedure and did not undergo another procedure with anesthesia in the next 180 days. POU was defined by filling an additional opioid prescription >30 days after the CIED procedure. RESULTS: Of the 143 400 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 15 316 (11%) filled an opioid prescription within 14 days of surgery. Among these patients, POU occurred in 1901 (12.4%) patients 30 to 180 days after surgery. The likelihood of developing POU was increased for patients who had a history of drug abuse (odds ratio, 1.52; P=0.005), preoperative muscle relaxant (odds ratio, 1.52; P<0.001) or benzodiazepine (odds ratio, 1.23; P=0.001) use, or opioid use in the previous 5 years (OR, 1.76; P<0.0001). POU did not differ after subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator or other CIED procedures (11.1 versus 12.4%; P=0.5). In a sensitivity analysis excluding high-risk patients who were discharged to a facility or who had a history of drug abuse or previous opioid, benzodiazepine, or muscle relaxant use, 8.9% of the remaining cohort had POU. Patients prescribed >135 mg of oral morphine equivalents had a significantly increased risk of POU. CONCLUSIONS: POU is common after CIED procedures, and 12% of patients continued to use opioids >30 days after surgery. Higher initially prescribed oral morphine equivalent doses were associated with developing POU.

Testing clinical selection criteria for intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography in isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

Background: There is a lack of evidence associating intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) use with improved outcomes among coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery subpopulations. Methods: This matched retrospective cohort study used a US private claims dataset to compare outcomes among different CABG surgery patient populations with vs without TOE. Statistical analyses involved exact matching on pre-selected subgroups (congestive heart failure, single vessel, and multivessel CABG) and used fine and propensity-score balanced techniques to conduct multiple matched comparisons and sensitivity analyses. Results: Of 42 249 patients undergoing isolated CABG surgery, 24 919 (59.0%) received and 17 330 (41.0%) did not receive TOE. After matching, intraoperative TOE was significantly associated with a lower, 30-day mortality: 2.63% vs 3.20% (odds ratio [OR]: 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71-0.92; P=0.002). In the subgroup matched comparisons, intraoperative TOE was significantly associated with a lower, 30-day mortality rate among those with congestive heart failure: 4.20% vs 5.26% (OR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.66-0.94; P=0.007) and among those undergoing multivessel CABG with congestive heart failure: 4.23% vs 5.24% (OR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.65-0.97; P=0.025), but not among those undergoing multivessel CABG without congestive heart failure: 1.83% vs 2.15% (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.70-1.02; P=0.089, nor any of the remaining three subgroups. Conclusions: Among US adults undergoing isolated CABG surgery, intraoperative TOE was associated with improved outcomes in patients with congestive heart failure (vs without) and among patients undergoing multivessel (vs single vessel) CABG. These findings support prioritised TOE allocation to these patient populations at centres with limited TOE capabilities.

Endovascular repair of aortoiliac aneurysmal disease with the helical iliac bifurcation device and the bifurcated-bifurcated iliac bifurcation device.

BACKGROUND: Iliac branch device (IBD) treatment of common and internal iliac artery (CIA and IIA) aneurysms has been controversial in the context of available embolization techniques or off-label adjunctive procedures. Two devices exist, a straight IBD (S-IBD) and a helical IBD (H-IBD). We report our midterm results with the latter and present outcomes with a third device intended to treat disease in the presence of short CIAs termed the bifurcated-bifurcated IBD (BB-IBD). METHODS: Data were prospectively collected from IBD-treated patients with infrarenal aortoiliac or thoracoabdominal aortoiliac aneurysms. Preoperative aneurysmal characteristics were collected in accordance with the endovascular reporting standards document, including presence of IIA stenosis, CIA diameters, and the presence of an IIA aneurysm. Technical success was defined as IBD device placement, branch placement, and patency without type I or III endoleak at implantation in addition to 24 hours survival. Follow-up computed tomography scans at 1, 6 (optional), 12 months, and annually thereafter were performed and reinterventions, sac morphology changes, and endoleaks noted. Survival and patency were evaluated with life-table analyses, and differences among anatomic groups were compared with log-rank tests, whereas t-tests and Fisher exact tests were used to compare simple variables. RESULTS: Between 2003 and 2012, 138 IBD devices were placed into 130 patients (98 H-IBD and 40 BB-IBD). Median follow-up was 20.3 months (range, 1-72 months) with 30- day, 12-month, 3- and 5-year survival rates of 99%, 90%, 79%, and 62%, respectively. Technical success was 94%, and branch patency was 94.6% at 30 days and 81.8% at 5 years. Thirty-five percent (35%) of branches were placed into patients with IIA aneurysms (in addition to their proximal disease), 20% into stenotic IIAs, and 46% into iliac systems with narrow (<16 mm) CIAs. Technical success was significantly lower in patients with IIA stenosis (81.5 vs 96.4%; Fisher exact test, P = .015) but not affected by the presence of an IIA aneurysm or narrow CIA. Branch patency was similar in all groups throughout follow-up. No stent fractures or component separations were noted in the IBDs or mating devices throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS: The H-IBD and BB-IBD configurations have high technical success and acceptable long-term patency for the treatment of CIA and IIA aneurysms, including those with challenging anatomy difficult to treat with the straight branch design.

Family history of aortic disease predicts disease patterns and progression and is a significant influence on management strategies for patients and their relatives.

BACKGROUND: While a positive family history (FH) is a known risk factor for developing an aneurysm, its association with the extent of disease has not been established. We evaluated the influence of a FH of aortic disease with respect to the pattern and distribution of aortic aneurysms in a given patient. METHODS AND RESULTS: From November 1999 to November 2011, 1263 patients were enrolled in physician-sponsored endovascular device trials to treat aortic aneurysms. Of the 555 patients who were alive and returning for follow-up, we obtained 426 (77%) family histories. Three-dimensional imaging studies were used to identify the presence of aneurysms; 36% (155/426) of patients had a FH of aortic aneurysms and 5% (21/155) had isolated intracranial aneurysms. A logistic regression model was used to compare aortic morphology between patients with a positive or negative FH for aneurysms. Patients with a positive FH of aortic aneurysms were younger at their initial aneurysm (63 vs 70 years; P < .0001), more frequently had proximal aortic involvement (root: odds ratio [OR], 5.4; P < .0001; ascending: OR, 2.9; P < .001; thoracic: OR, 2.2; P = .01) with over 50% of FH patients ultimately developing suprarenal aortic involvement (P = .0001) and had a greater incidence of bilateral iliac artery aneurysm (OR, 1.8; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: FH is an important tool that provides insight into the expected behavior of the untreated aorta and has significant implications for the development of treatment strategies. These findings should be used to guide patient's management with regard to treatment, follow-up paradigms, genetic testing, and screening of other family members.

Timing of heparin and thrombus formation in donor lungs after cardiac death.

BACKGROUND: Heparin is routinely administered to brain-dead donors before cardiac arrest, although it is not universally allowed for donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors due to concerns that death may be hastened. The lack of heparin may lead to thrombosis and compromised graft function. We evaluated the impact of timing of heparin administration and thrombi formation in a DCD pig model. METHODS: Eight domestic adult pigs were administered systemic heparin (30,000 IU): four prior to cardiac arrest through intravenous injection (prearrest heparin) and four after cardiac arrest via injection into the right atrium followed by open cardiac massage (postarrest heparin). Pigs were euthanized with potassium chloride and a minimum of 5 minutes of cardiac silence allowed before organ procurement. Lungs were flushed with antegrade and retrograde Perfadex, and pulmonary preservation solution effluent was evaluated for gross thrombi. Organs were fixed in formalin, sagittally sectioned, and evaluated by a pulmonary pathologist blinded to treatment. RESULTS: Antegrade and retrograde flushes demonstrated no significant thrombi. Gross pathologic evaluation revealed no occlusive central thrombi. Scant peripheral thrombi were detected in both treatment groups. No microscopic thrombi were noted in either treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed heparin administration after cardiac death does not affect thrombus formation in an animal model of lung procurement after cardiac death. Concern about clinically significant thrombosis occurring when heparin is not given before cardiac arrest appears unfounded. These findings suggest that DCD lungs can be used regardless of antemortem heparin administration.

Risk of Stroke and Major Bleeding With Vitamin K Antagonist Use After Mitral Valve Repair.

BACKGROUND: Guidelines are discordant on the use of a vitamin K antagonist (VKA) after mitral valve repair (MVr) to reduce the risk of cerebral embolic events. We performed an observational study among patients who underwent a MVr, without perioperative atrial fibrillation, to determine the risk of cerebral ischemic and major bleeding events with or without VKA. METHODS: From 2004 to 2016, we included patients who underwent MVr, using a national administrative claims database. Those with preoperative atrial fibrillation and anticoagulant use were excluded. Patients were stratified based on the presence of a VKA. Inverse probability weighting with a Cox proportional hazard model was used. RESULTS: After MVr, 754 patients were discharged on VKA and 1462 on no-VKA. We found no difference in the cumulative incidence for embolic stroke at 180 days (VKA: 2.21% vs no-VKA: 1.50%; hazard ratio, 1.35; P = .38). However, VKA patients had a significantly increased risk for any-cause major bleeding events at 180 days (VKA: 8.58% vs no-VKA: 4.21%; hazard ratio, 2.09; P < .001). VKA patients also had increased need for a pericardiocentesis/pericardial window at 30 days after discharge (VKA: 1.13% vs no-VKA: 0.37%; hazard ratio, 3.88; P = .025). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that VKA after MVr does not reduce the risk of cerebral embolic events but is associated with an increased risk of major bleeding events.

Pediatric donor lungs for adult transplant recipients: feasibility and outcomes.

BACKGROUND: There is a limited experience using pediatric organs for adult lung transplantation (LTx), with size matching the major concern. We reviewed our experience transplanting pediatric donor lungs into adult recipients with endpoints of post-LTx complications and overall patient survival. METHODS: From 2/1990 to 12/2007, 609 adults underwent primary LTx at our institution. Thirty-eight (6.2%) patients underwent LTx with organs from pediatric donors (≤16 years). Of these, median donor age was 13 years (range: 7 to 16) and median recipient age 55 (range: 24 to 66). Endpoints analyzed included size matching accuracy, airway and pleural complications, time to extubation, intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital lengths of stay, as well as survival. RESULTS: Gross undersizing of the donor lung was present in 2/38 (5.3%) and of the donor bronchus in 11/38 (29%). Five patients (13%) experienced a major postoperative airway complication. Thoracentesis prior to discharge was necessary in 4/38 (11%) patients and chest tube reinsertion in 10/38 (26%) for pleural effusion. Median time to extubation was 2 days. ICU and hospital lengths of stay were 6 and 16 days, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival at 30 days, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years post-transplant was 89%, 74%, 63%, and 55%. CONCLUSIONS: Despite sizing concerns, transplantation of pediatric lungs into adult recipients is feasible. Size mismatch may predispose to higher rates of airway and pleural complications. Hospital course and overall survival appear comparable to adult-to-adult LTx, and concerns over size matching should not preclude pediatric organ use for adult candidates.

Volume of frail patients predicts outcome in frail patients after cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Recent data from major noncardiac surgery suggest that outcomes in frail patients are better predicted by a hospital's volume of frail patients specifically, rather than overall surgical volume. We sought to evaluate this "frailty volume-frailty outcome relationship" in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: We studied 72,818 frail patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting or valve replacement surgery from 2010 to 2014 using the Nationwide Readmissions Database. Frailty was defined using the Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Groups frailty-defining diagnoses indicator. Multilevel logistic regression was used to assess the independent effect of frailty volume by quartile on mortality, surgical complications, failure to rescue, nonhome discharge, 30-day readmissions, length of stay, and hospital costs in frail patients. RESULTS: In comparing the highest volume quartiles with the lowest, both overall cardiac surgical volume and volume for frail patients were significantly associated with shorter length of stay and reduced costs. However, frailty volume was also independently associated with significantly reduced in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.67-0.94; P = .006) and failure to rescue (odds ratio, 0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.98; P = .03), whereas no such association was seen between overall volume and either mortality (odds ratio, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.74-1.10; P = .43) or failure to rescue (odds ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.83-1.17; P = .85). Neither frailty volume nor overall volume showed any significant relationship with the rate of 30-day readmissions. CONCLUSIONS: In frail patients undergoing cardiac surgery, surgical volume of frail patients was a significant independent of predictor of in-hospital mortality and failure to rescue, whereas overall surgical volume was not. Thus, the "frailty volume-outcome relationship" superseded the traditional "volume-outcome relationship" in frail patients with cardiac disease.

Cardiac surgery simulation - Part 3: Coronary anastomosis.

Our group has previously described how dedicated practice outside the operating room can improve surgical technique and enhance intraoperative performance. We have also recently developed a "do-it-yourself" simulator made from inexpensive, easily obtainable materials to practice a variety of operative scenarios in cardiac surgery. This video tutorial demonstrates our Coronary Anastomosis Module, which is designed for practice of both distal and proximal coronary anastomoses.

Development of Persistent Opioid Use After Cardiac Surgery.

Importance: The overuse of opioids for acute pain management has led to an epidemic of persistent opioid use. Objective: To determine the proportion of opioid-naive patients who develop persistent opioid use after cardiac surgery and investigate the association between the initial amount of opioids prescribed at discharge and the likelihood of developing new persistent opioid use. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study used data from a national administrative claims database from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2016 and included 35 817 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (25 673 [71.7%]) and heart valve (10 144 [28.3%]) procedures. All patients were opioid-naive within 180 days before the index procedure and filled an opioid prescription within 14 days after surgery. Exposures: Opioid medications after cardiac surgery. Main Outcomes and Measures: The proportion of opioid-naive patients who developed new persistent opioid use within 90 to 180 days after surgery was determined. Oral morphine equivalents (OMEs) were calculated for the first opioid prescription filled after discharge. A multivariable logistic regression with cubic splines was used to analyze the association among the OMEs at discharge and likelihood of developing persistent opioid use. Results: Of the 25 673 patients who underwent CABG, the mean (SD) age for those without (n = 23 064) vs with (n = 2609) persistent opioid use was 62.9 (9.8) years vs 61.6 (9.7) years, respectively, and the number who were men were 18 758 (81.3%) vs 1998 (76.6%). Of the 10 144 patients who underwent heart valve surgery, the mean (SD) age for those without (n = 9343) vs with (n = 821) persistent opioid use was 63.2 (12.4) years vs 61.2 (12.5) years, respectively, and the number who were men were 6378 (68.3%) vs 511 (62.2%). Persistent opioid use is a substantial concern after cardiac surgery and occurred in 2609 patients undergoing CABG (10.2%) and 821 valve surgery patients (8.1%; P = .001). The likelihood for developing persistent opioid use was decreased among heart valve surgery recipients (odds ratio [OR], 0.78; P < .001) and increased for patients who were women; younger; with preoperative congestive heart failure, chronic lung disease, diabetes, kidney failure, chronic pain, and alcoholism; and those taking preoperative benzodiazepines and muscle relaxants (women: OR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.03-1.26]; younger age: OR, 1.02 [95% CI, 1.01-1.02]; congestive heart failure: OR, 1.17 [95% CI, 1.06-1.30]; chronic lung disease: OR, 1.32 [95% CI, 1.19-1.45]; diabetes: OR, 1.27 [95% CI, 1.15-1.40]; kidney failure: OR, 1.17 [95% CI, 1.00-1.37]; chronic pain: OR, 2.71 [95% CI, 2.10-3.56]; alcoholism: OR, 1.56 [95% CI, 1.23-2.00]; benzodiazepines: OR, 1.71 [95% CI, 1.52-1.91]; muscle relaxants: OR, 1.74 [95% CI, 1.51-2.02]; all P < .001). Furthermore, we found that when patients were prescribed more than approximately 300 mg of OMEs at discharge, they had a significantly increased risk of new persistent opioid use than with lower opioid prescriptions. Conclusions and Relevance: Opioids are used extensively after cardiothoracic surgery and nearly 1 of 10 patients will continue to use opioids over 90 days after surgery. Furthermore, higher OMEs prescribed at discharge were significantly associated with developing persistent use. Centers must adopt protocols to increase patient education and limit opioid prescriptions after discharge.

Outcomes after thoracic endovascular aortic repair in patients with chronic kidney disease in the Medicare population.

OBJECTIVE: Thoracic endovascular aortic repair has been increasingly performed in higher-risk patients with renal failure. The objective was to compare Medicare patients with preoperative chronic kidney disease with patients with normal renal function to determine differences in postoperative survival and complications. METHODS: From 2000 to 2014, 27,079 Medicare fee-for service patients underwent thoracic endovascular aortic repair. Patients were stratified by kidney function, and 23,375 patients (86%) had no chronic kidney disease, 2957 patients (11%) had chronic kidney disease stage I/IV, and 747 patients (3%) had end-stage renal disease or hemodialysis. Groups were then compared with determined differences in adjusted all-cause mortality and rates of postoperative complications. RESULTS: Overall survival was significantly worse among patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease or hemodialysis compared with patients with no chronic kidney disease (1-year survival no chronic kidney disease: 78%; chronic kidney disease I/II: 77%; chronic kidney disease III: 67%; chronic kidney disease IV: 58%; and end-stage renal disease or hemodialysis: 48%, P < .001). Mortality was significantly increased among patients with chronic kidney disease III (hazard ratio [HR], 1.29; P < .001), chronic kidney disease IV (HR, 1.74; P < .001), and end-stage renal disease or hemodialysis (HR, 2.03; P < .001). No mortality difference was found between patients with no chronic kidney disease and patients with chronic kidney disease stage I/II. At 30 days after thoracic endovascular aortic repair, sepsis was increased for patients with chronic kidney disease stage III/IV (HR, 1.7; P < .001) and end-stage renal disease or hemodialysis (HR, 2.7; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: In this elderly Medicare population undergoing thoracic endovascular aortic repair, patients with chronic kidney disease stage III, chronic kidney disease stage IV, or end-stage renal disease/hemodialysis had poor survival and increased morbidity compared with those with normal kidney function. These data may suggest that patients with chronic kidney disease stage III, chronic kidney disease stage IV, or end-stage renal disease/hemodialysis should be more cautiously evaluated for thoracic endovascular aortic repair, weighing the benefits of the procedure against the high expected mortality.

Predictors of 30-day readmission and resource utilization after thoracic endovascular aortic repair.

OBJECTIVES: The introduction and expansion of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) have revolutionized the treatment of a variety of thoracic aortic diseases. We sought to evaluate the incidence, causes, predictors and costs associated with 30-day readmission after TEVAR in a nationally representative cohort. METHODS: Adult patients undergoing isolated TEVAR were identified in the National Readmissions Database from 2010 to 2014. Hospital costs were estimated by converting individual hospital charge data adjusted to 2014 consumer price indices. Multivariable logistic regression was utilized to determine hospital- and patient-level factors associated with readmissions. RESULTS: A total of 24 983 TEVARs were noted during the study period; the average age of the patients was 65 ± 16 years; 40% were women. The most common indication was an intact thoracic aneurysm (43.5%), followed by aortic dissection (30.5%). The average cost of the index admission was $63 644 ± $52 312; the average hospital stay was 11 ± 14 days; the index mortality rate was 6.7%. Readmissions within 30 days occurred in 17.4% of patients. Indications for readmission were varied; the most common aetiologies were cardiac (17.8%), infectious (16.0%) and pulmonary (12.1%). On multivariable analysis, the strongest predictor of readmission was the diagnosis, with a ruptured thoraco-abdominal aneurysm having the highest readmission burden (adjusted odds ratio 2.23, 1.17-4.24; P = 0.015). Notably, hospital volume did not predict index hospital length of stay, costs or 30-day readmissions (all P > 0.10). CONCLUSIONS: Annual TEVAR volume was not associated with any of the outcomes assessed. Rather, indication for TEVAR was the strongest predictor for many outcomes. As TEVAR becomes increasingly utilized, a focus on cardiac and vascular diseases may reduce readmissions and improve quality of care.

Effects of Frailty on Outcomes and 30-day Readmissions After Surgical Mitral Valve Replacement.

BACKGROUND: Frailty is increasingly recognized as an important prognostic marker in surgical populations. The effects of frailty on outcomes after mitral valve replacement (MVR) is less clear given the inherent complexity of this patient population. We evaluated the influences of frailty on outcomes and readmission rates after MVR. METHODS: Adult patients undergoing isolated MVR were queried from the National Readmissions Database from 2010 to 2014. Frailty was defined using the Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Groups frailty-defining diagnoses indicator, a validated instrument developed for use in health administrative data. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine hospital- and patient-level risk factors for readmission, postoperative complications, and death. RESULTS: Among 50,410 patients who underwent MVR, 7.9% met frailty criteria. Frail patients were more likely to be older, have nonprivate insurance, an index admission from the emergency department, and teaching hospital care (all P < .001). Frail patients had significantly more postoperative complications (77% vs 47%, P < .001), more discharges to a facility (50% vs 21%, P < .001), and higher in-hospital mortality (12% vs 4%, P < .001). Index hospitalization costs were almost doubled in frail patients, and of those who survived to discharge, 30-day readmissions were more frequent (28% vs 20%, P < .001). Frailty independently increased the risk of index hospitalization composite complications (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 3.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.61-4.12), in-hospital mortality (AOR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.90-2.92), and 30-day readmission (AOR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.20-1.78). CONCLUSIONS: Frailty is an independent predictor of morbidity, death, and increased costs after MVR. Frailty metrics should be increasingly understood among patients requiring mitral valve intervention as percutaneous approaches for intervention become increasingly used.

Optimal timing for heart transplantation in patients bridged with left ventricular assist devices: Is timing of the essence?

OBJECTIVES: Due to the scarcity of donor hearts to meet recipient demands, more than 40% of heart transplants are performed in patients bridged to transplant (BTT) with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of BTT duration with an LVAD on posttransplant outcomes. METHODS: From 2009 to 2014, we identified 2639 fee-for-service Medicare patients who underwent a primary heart transplants with 1186 (45%) patients BTT with an LVAD. The LVAD patients were stratified as BTT ≤31 days (n = 28 [2.4%]), BTT 31-365 days (n = 748 [63.1%]), and BTT >365 days (n = 409 [34.5%]). Patients went directly to heart transplantation and were not bridged in 1453 cases (55%). LVAD duration was analyzed dichotomously and as a continuous variable with adjusted overall survival as the primary end point. RESULTS: All-cause mortality was significantly worse in patients who were BTT <31 days. Survival at 30 days was 81.5% for BTT <31 days, 94% for BTT 31 to 365 days, 95% for BTT >365 days, and 94% for no BTT. At 1 year, survival was 74% for BTT <31 days, 85% for BTT 31 to 365 days, 88% for BTT >365 days, and 89% for no BTT (P = .018). When LVAD duration was analyzed as a continuous variable, patients BTT with an LVAD <34 days had significantly increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who underwent heart transplantation within the first month of BTT with an LVAD had significantly increased mortality. However, there was no survival difference among patients who were BTT with an LVAD longer than 31 days.

Outcome after aortic, axillary, or femoral cannulation for acute type A aortic dissection.

OBJECTIVE: The optimal method for arterial cannulation in acute aortic dissection type A (ADA) remains controversial. The aim of this study was to compare central ascending aortic, axillary, and femoral cannulation in patients who underwent surgery for acute ADA. METHODS: Between 2006 and 2017, 584 patients were operated on for acute ADA. Of those, 355 (61%) underwent ascending aortic, 101 (17%) right axillary, and 128 (22%) femoral cannulation for arterial inflow. Clinical features and outcomes were compared after inverse probability weighting. RESULTS: After inverse probability weighting there were no statistical differences in preoperative characteristics. Operative details differed significantly among the 3 groups: hemiarch replacement was performed more often in the central aortic and the femoral group (P < .001), whereas total arch replacement was performed more often in the axillary group (P < .001). Cardiopulmonary bypass (P = .022) and aortic cross-clamp (P = .021) times were shortest in the aortic cannulation group and longest in the femoral cannulation group. Postoperative morbidities were similar; procedure-related stroke (P = .783) and the need for renal replacement therapy (P = .446). In-hospital mortality (P = .680) and long-term survival were similar (log rank, P = .704). Multilevel multivariate mixed effect logistic regression showed that the cannulation strategy was not associated with in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Central ascending aortic cannulation in patients with ADA can be used as safely as axillary or femoral cannulation, providing another option for quick and easy establishment of cardiopulmonary bypass.

Causes, Risk Factors, and Costs of 30-Day Readmissions After Mitral Valve Repair and Replacement.

BACKGROUND: Postsurgical readmissions are an increasingly scrutinized marker of health care quality. We sought to estimate the risk factors and costs associated with readmissions after mitral valve (MV) surgery in a large, nationally representative cohort. METHODS: Adult patients undergoing MV repair or replacement were queried from the National Readmissions Database from 2010 to 2014. Data were collected on the prevalence and indications for readmission within 30 days as well as the hospital-, procedure, and patient-level risk factors as determined by multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Among 76,342 patients undergoing MV surgery, the rate of 30-day readmission was 17.0%. Those undergoing replacement procedures had significantly higher readmission rates (20.7% vs 13.1%; P < .001) compared with repair. Significant independent predictors of readmission after both MV repair and replacement included length of stay ≥8 days, chronic lung disease, chronic renal disease, and low hospital procedural volume for MV surgery. Readmissions to nonindex hospitals accounted for 26.6% of all readmissions. The most common indications for readmission were heart failure (21.4%), arrhythmia (17.0%) and respiratory diagnoses (15.0%), and infections (10.2%). The mean cost per readmission was $15,397, and among readmitted patients, the cost of readmission accounted for 17.8% of the total cost of the episode of care. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly 1 in 5 patients undergoing MV surgery are readmitted within 30 days. Treatment at a low-volume center was strongly associated with readmission, and much of the readmission burden falls on nonindex hospitals. Further characterization of readmissions may improve the quality of care associated with MV surgery.

Management of Patients With Coronary Artery Malperfusion Secondary to Type A Aortic Dissection.

BACKGROUND: This study reviewed our experience with coronary artery (CA) malperfusion secondary to type A aortic dissection. METHODS: Between 2002 and 2017, 76 patients presented with CA malperfusion, with a dissection flap limited to the aorta in the region of the coronary ostium (type A lesion) in 26 (34%), with a dissection flap involving the CA itself (type B lesion) in 32 (42%), or with complete avulsion of the CA (type C lesion) in 18 (24%). RESULTS: Ostial repair was successfully performed in 23 type A patients (88%), in 20 type B patients (63%), and in no type C patient (0%). CA bypass grafting was performed when antegrade cardioplegia could not be applied in all 18 type C patients (100%) and in 5 type B patients (16%) because of a primary entry at the coronary ostium and in 7 patients (type A: 3 patients [12%], type B: 4 patients [13%]) with evidence of CA disease (p < 0.001). Perioperative mortality in patients with CA malperfusion was high (18 patients [24%]), but there was no difference in short-term (p = 0.153) or long-term survival (log-rank p = 0.542). Also, a landmark analysis showed equal survival of discharged patients with and without CA malperfusion (log-rank p = 0.645). CONCLUSIONS: We recommend CA bypass grafting in patients with type C lesions or in patients with underlying CA disease for optimal delivery of cardioplegia and ostial pledgetted suture repair in patients with type A lesions or type B lesions when the administration of antegrade cardioplegia is successful.

Cost and contribution margin of transcatheter versus surgical aortic valve replacement.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the cost of and payments for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), a novel and expensive technology, and surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). METHODS: Medicare claims provided hospital charges, payments, and outcomes between January and December 2012. Hospital costs and charges were estimated using hospital-specific cost-to-charge ratios. Costs and payments were examined in propensity score- matched TAVR and SAVR patients. RESULTS: Medicare spent $215,770,200 nationally on 4083 patients who underwent TAVR in 2012. Hospital costs were higher for TAVR patients (median, $50,200; interquartile range [IQR], $39,800-$64,300) than for propensity-matched SAVR patients ($45,500; IQR, $34,500-$63,300; P < .01), owing largely to higher estimated medical supply costs, including the implanted valve prosthesis. Postprocedure hospital length of stay (LOS) length was shorter for TAVR patients (median, 5 days [IQR, 4-8 days] vs 7 days [IQR, 5-9 days]; P < .01), as was total intensive care unit (ICU) LOS (median, 2 days [IQR, 0-5 days] vs 3 days [IQR, 1-6 days]; P < .01). Medicare payments were lower for TAVR hospitalizations (median, $49,500; IQR, $36,900-$64,600) than for SAVR (median, $50,400; IQR, $37,400-$65,800; P < .01). The median of the differences between payments and costs (contribution margin) was -$3380 for TAVR hospitalizations and $2390 for SAVR hospitalizations (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: TAVR accounted for $215 million in Medicare payments in its first year of clinical use. Among SAVR Medicare patients at a similar risk level, TAVR was associated with higher hospital costs despite shorter ICU LOS and hospital LOS. Overall and/or medical device cost reductions are needed for TAVR to have a net neutral financial impact on hospitals.