Palliative care management in patients with Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders in Spain. National survey of neurologists.

INTRODUCTION: Palliative care in neurodegenerative diseases is useful but underused. The objective of this study is to know how palliative care (PC) is applied in Spain in order to identify limitations and unmet needs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It is a descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study, anonymous survey type of 20 questions, directed and answered by neurologists dedicated to movement disorders (MD) in Spain. RESULTS: 58 responses were obtained from neurologists from 15 autonomous communities. 69% answered that they did not have a specialised MD nursing facility but did have a PC team in their centre (81%). No specific protocol for PC in MD was identified. All except one neurologist stated that they lacked sufficient training in PC, the main training need being the "advance directives explanation". Only 1 in 4 neurologists answered routinely explaining advance healthcare planning to their patients, recognising up to 84.5% of neurologists not knowing how to assess the patient's competence. 60.3% of those surveyed answered that between 10% and 30% of their patients would be candidates for PC, although 1 in 3 said they were not clear when to refer the patient to PC. 100% of neurologists affirmed the priority need to implement PC protocols in MD. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows a formative deficit in PC in this area and in the care of the patient with movement disorders and their environment, and should serve as a starting point to develop consensual care protocols.

[Infiltration of the meninges or brain by a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, diagnosed by flow cytometry in cerebrospinal fluid]. / Infiltracion meningea y cerebral por un linfoma no Hodgkin, diagnosticada por citometria de flujo en liquido cefalorraquideo.

INTRODUCTION: Two forms of growth are reported in the neuroradiology of cerebral lymphomas: mass, single or multiple lesions, with homogeneous contrast enhancement, and diffuse infiltration. Flow cytometry enables us to diagnose non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, when clonality of B cells is detected. It is usually employed with peripheral blood or bone marrow samples but can be used with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 68-year-old female, who was admitted to hospital because of rapidly progressive onset of confusion and right-side hemiparesis that developed in a matter of days. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head showed a diffuse infiltrative lesion, without contrast enhancement, which covered the left basal nuclei, the left frontal white matter, the genu of the corpus callosum and the right frontal white matter. The CSF showed slight pleocytosis (20 cells/mL) and a notable degree of hypoglycorrhachia (10 mg/dL). The cytological examination only revealed lymphocytes, with no data indicating atypicality. The flow cytometry assay detected large mononuclear B cells, with the CD19 + CD20 + CD10-lambda phenotype, which is characteristic of diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of large B cells. The clinical course ran quickly towards a fatal outcome; it progressed to left-side hemiplegia and coma, and the patient died two weeks after admission to hospital. CONCLUSIONS: In cases of cerebral lymphoma, especially when the neuroradiological pattern displays diffuse infiltration and there are anomalies involving CSF, the flow cytometry in CSF can be diagnostic, thus avoiding the need for other invasive brain procedures to deal with lesions that are usually located deep inside the brain at badly defined sites.

[Apolipoprotein E4 in dementia with Lewy bodies]. / Apolipoproteína e4 en la demencia con cuerpos de Lewy.

INTRODUCTION: There is a strong association between the e4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). This converts this allele into a risk factor for the development of AD. The association between APOE4 and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is under discussion. In DLB, the presence of APOE4 has been related with a greater amount of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. METHOD: This is a case-control study in which the APOE genotype was determined using the modified PCR technique of Wenham in 306 patients with diagnosis of probably AD, NINCDS-ADRDA criteria, 58 cases of probably DLB, McKeith et al. consensus criteria (1996), all of them with SPECT with pathological 123I-FP-CIT and 80 normal controls (NC) having similar age and gender distribution. RESULTS: The frequency of alleles was: DLB group epsilon4: 16%; epsilon3: 75%; epsilon2: 9%; AD: epsilon4: 32%; epsilon3: 67%; epsilon2: 1%; and in the normal control group: epsilon4: 12%; epsilon3: 83%; epsilon2: 5%. The percentage of alleles in both genders was similar in the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: APOE4 percentage in DLB group (16%) was lower than in AD group (32%), and similar to the control group (12%). Considering that the presence of morphopathological Alzheimer type alterations in DBL, essentially neurofibrillary tangles, is inversely correlated with the presence of Parkinsonian signs, this group may represent pure forms of the disease, although the lack of neuropathological demonstration does not make it possible to confirm this hypothesis.