Failure of human rhombic lip differentiation underlies medulloblastoma formation.

Medulloblastoma (MB) comprises a group of heterogeneous paediatric embryonal neoplasms of the hindbrain with strong links to early development of the hindbrain1-4. Mutations that activate Sonic hedgehog signalling lead to Sonic hedgehog MB in the upper rhombic lip (RL) granule cell lineage5-8. By contrast, mutations that activate WNT signalling lead to WNT MB in the lower RL9,10. However, little is known about the more commonly occurring group 4 (G4) MB, which is thought to arise in the unipolar brush cell lineage3,4. Here we demonstrate that somatic mutations that cause G4 MB converge on the core binding factor alpha (CBFA) complex and mutually exclusive alterations that affect CBFA2T2, CBFA2T3, PRDM6, UTX and OTX2. CBFA2T2 is expressed early in the progenitor cells of the cerebellar RL subventricular zone in Homo sapiens, and G4 MB transcriptionally resembles these progenitors but are stalled in developmental time. Knockdown of OTX2 in model systems relieves this differentiation blockade, which allows MB cells to spontaneously proceed along normal developmental differentiation trajectories. The specific nature of the split human RL, which is destined to generate most of the neurons in the human brain, and its high level of susceptible EOMES+KI67+ unipolar brush cell progenitor cells probably predisposes our species to the development of G4 MB.

Visual isothermal amplification detection of ASFV based on trimeric G-quadruplex cis-cleavage activity of Cas-12a.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a kind of DNA virus and can infect both domestic pigs and wild boars with fatality up to 100%. The contaminated meat products mainly led to the worldwide transmission of ASFV. The outbreak of ASF greatly affects the supply stability of meat products as well as the development of the global pig industry. In this study, a visual isothermal amplification detection assay for ASFV based on trimeric G-quadruplex cis-cleavage activity of Cas12a was developed. The introduction of Cas12a could discriminate the specific amplification from the non-specific amplification and improve the sensitivity. The detection limit was as low as 0.23 copies/µL. This assay had good potential in the detection of ASFV and would be helpful for the stability of meat production and supply.

Fine mapping of genes controlling pigment accumulation in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.).

Purple/red appearance is one of the common phenotypic variations in leaves, stems, and siliques of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) but very rare in flowers. In this study, the causal genes for the purple/red traits in stems and flowers in two accessions of oilseed rape (DH_PR and DH_GC001, respectively) derived from the wide hybridization were fine mapped, and candidate genes were determined by methods combined with bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and RNA-seq analysis. Both traits of purple stem and red flowers were mapped to the locus as AtPAP2 homologous genes (BnaPAP2.C6a and BnaPAP2.A7b, respectively) belonging to the R2R3-MYB family. Sequence comparisons of full-length allelic genes revealed several InDels and SNPs in intron 1 as well as exons, and completely different promoter region of BnaPAP2.C6a and a 211 bp insertion was identified in the promoter region of BnaPAP2.A7b of DH_GC001. Our results not only contribute to a better understanding of anthocyanin inheritance in B. napus, but also provide a useful toolbox for future breeding of cultivars with purple/red traits through the combination of different functional alleles and homologs. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-023-01365-5.

Clinical characteristics of 1124 children with epiphyseal fractures.

BACKGROUND: In this study, to provide a theoretical basis for understanding the clinical characteristics of epiphyseal fractures in children and improving their management, we explored and analyzed the proportions of different types of epiphyseal fractures in children and evaluated the causes of injury and epidemiological characteristics. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed children younger than 18 years with fresh epiphyseal fractures who were admitted to our hospital from July 2015 to February 2020. Demographic information, injury mechanisms, fracture characteristics, fracture classification and surgical information were collected. RESULTS: A total of 1124 pediatric patients (1147 epiphyseal fractures), including 789 boys and 335 girls, were included in this study. Epiphyseal fractures were classified as Salter-Harris type II (1002 cases), type IV (105 cases), type III (25 cases), Salter-Harris type I (14 cases), and Salter-Harris type V (1 case). The number of fracture sites peaked in the adolescent group (440 cases). The most three common sites of epiphyseal fractures were the distal radius (460 cases) in which Salter-Harris type II fractures were the most common (454 cases) and Salter-Harris type I (3 cases), Salter-Harris type IV (2 cases), Salter-Harris type III was the least common (1 case). Followed by phalanges of fingers (233 cases) in which Salter-Harris type II fractures were the most common (224 cases) and Salter-Harris type IV (4 cases), Salter-Harris type I (3 cases), Salter-Harris type III fractures were the least common (2 cases). Distal humerus (146 cases) in which Salter-Harris type II fractures were the most common (95 cases), followed by Salter-Harris type IV (49 cases), Salter-Harris type I fractures were the least common (2 cases). The most three important causes of fractures were falls (720 patients), car accident injuries (68 patients), and basketball falls (43 patients). Among the 1124 children with epiphyseal fractures, 1058 were treated mainly by surgery and the ratio of open and closed reduction was 1:5.3. Eighty-eight patients showed an interval > 72 h between the injury and the hospital visit. Among these 88 patients, the most common fracture type was distal radial epiphyseal fracture (32 cases), and all fractures were of Salter-Harris type II. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiological characteristics of epiphyseal fractures in children indicate the need to strengthen health and safety education and protective measures to prevent the occurrence of these fractures in children. In addition, emergency surgeons and orthopedic surgeons in general hospitals should strengthen their basic knowledge of diagnosing and treating epiphyseal injuries in children to reduce missed diagnoses, misdiagnoses or malpractice.

Beneficial Effects of Pleurotus citrinopileatus Polysaccharide on the Quality of Cherry Tomatoes During Storage.

Cherry tomatoes are highly well-liked and have a lot of nutritional value. However, the edible value of cherry tomatoes rapidly declines as their storage duration is extended. Pleurotus citrinopileatus polysaccharide (PCP) is a kind of polysaccharide obtained from P. citrinopileatus by water extraction. The effects of PCP were investigated to identify a way to maximally postpone cherry tomato degradation. The results showed that PCP had inhibitory effects on all 10 tested strains, and the inhibitory effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the strongest. PCP could effectively reduce the weight loss rate and malondialdehyde accumulation of cherry tomatoes during storage, weaken the activity of polyphenol oxidase, and delay the decline of hardness, titratable acid content, and VC content compared with untreated cherry tomatoes. PCP solution at a concentration of 2 g/L exerted the best preservation effects. Therefore, PCP can potentially contribute to the preservation of vegetables and fruits.

Inter-Alpha Inhibitor Proteins Modify the Microvasculature after Exposure to Hypoxia-Ischemia and Hypoxia in Neonatal Rats.

Microvasculature develops during early brain development. Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and hypoxia (H) predispose to brain injury in neonates. Inter-alpha inhibitor proteins (IAIPs) attenuate injury to the neonatal brain after exposure to HI. However, the effects of IAIPs on the brain microvasculature after exposure to HI have not been examined in neonates. Postnatal day-7 rats were exposed to sham treatment or right carotid artery ligation and 8% oxygen for 90 min. HI comprises hypoxia (H) and ischemia to the right hemisphere (HI-right) and hypoxia to the whole body, including the left hemisphere (H-left). Human IAIPs (hIAIPs, 30 mg/kg) or placebo were injected immediately, 24 and 48 h after HI/H. The brains were analyzed 72 h after HI/H to determine the effects of hIAIPs on the microvasculature by laminin immunohistochemistry and calculation of (1) the percentage area stained by laminin, (2) cumulative microvessel length, and (3) density of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), which are sensitive indicators of the earliest phases of neo-vascularization/collateralization. hIAIPs mainly affected the percent of the laminin-stained area after HI/H, cumulative vessel length after H but not HI, and TNT density in females but not males. hIAIPs modify the effects of HI/H on the microvasculature after brain injury in neonatal rats and exhibit sex-related differential effects. Our findings suggest that treatment with hIAIPs after exposure to H and HI in neonatal rats affects the laminin content of the vessel basal lamina and angiogenic responses in a sex-related fashion.

Colchicine prevents ventricular arrhythmias vulnerability in diet-induced obesity rats.

AIMS: This study aimed to assess the role of colchicine in ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) induced by high fat diet (HFD)-fed rats. METHODS AND RESULTS: Male rats were divided into four groups: CTL, normal diet plus saline; CTC, normal diet plus colchicine; HFD, HFD plus saline; HFC: HFD plus colchicine. Metabolic parameters, ECG parameters, ventricular electrophysiological parameters, ventricular histology, Western blot and RT-qPCR were measured. Compared with the HFD group, colchicine treatment significantly improved metabolic parameters, reduced ventricular fibrosis, increased the expression of Cav1.2, Kv4.2, Nav1.5, and Cx43, reduced CaMKII, p-CaMKII, p-RyR2 (S2808), and p-RyR2 (S2814) expression in LV. Furthermore, colchicine inhibited the inflammatory responses, prolonged ventricular effective refractory period (ERP), reduced corrected QT interval (QTc) and Tpeak-Tend interval, so as to reduce the susceptibility to VAs in obesity rats. CONCLUSIONS: Colchicine could mitigate ventricular fibrosis, ventricular electrical remodeling, as well as the expression of ion channels, and inhibit obesity-induced inflammatory responses, which provides a new idea for colchicine to prevent VAs in obese individuals.

High-mobility group box-1 and inter-alpha inhibitor proteins: In vitro binding and co-localization in cerebral cortex after hypoxic-ischemic injury.

The high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein is a transcription-regulating protein located in the nucleus. However, it serves as a damage-associated molecular pattern protein that activates immune cells and stimulates inflammatory cytokines to accentuate neuroinflammation after release from damaged cells. In contrast, Inter-alpha Inhibitor Proteins (IAIPs) are proteins with immunomodulatory effects including inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We have demonstrated that IAIPs exhibit neuroprotective properties in neonatal rats exposed to hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. In addition, previous studies have suggested that the light chain of IAIPs, bikunin, may exert its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting HMGB1 in a variety of different injury models in adult subjects. The objectives of the current study were to confirm whether HMGB1 is a target of IAIPs by investigating the potential binding characteristics of HMGB1 and IAIPs in vitro, and co-localization in vivo in cerebral cortices after exposure to HI injury. Solid-phase binding assays and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) were used to determine the physical binding characteristics between IAIPs and HMGB1. Cellular localizations of IAIPs-HMGB1 in neonatal rat cortex were visualized by double labeling with anti-IAIPs and anti-HMGB1 antibodies. Solid-phase binding and SPR demonstrated specific binding between IAIPs and HMGB1 in vitro. Cortical cytoplasmic and nuclear co-localization of IAIPs and HMGB1 were detected by immunofluorescent staining in control and rats immediately and 3 hours after HI. In conclusion, HMGB1 and IAIPs exhibit direct binding in vitro and co-localization in vivo in neonatal rats exposed to HI brain injury suggesting HMGB1 could be a target of IAIPs.

Factors influencing and long-term effects of manual myotomy phenomenon during physiotherapy for congenital muscular torticollis.

PURPOSE: To investigate the factors influencing and long-term effects of manual myotomy (MM) occurring during physiotherapy for congenital muscular torticollis (CMT). METHODS: We retrospectively collected the clinical data of children with CMT receiving physiotherapy between 2008 and 2018. The children were divided into manual myotomy (MM) and non-manual myotomy (NMM) groups according to whether MM occurred during treatment. We assessed physiotherapy outcomes in children with CMT using craniofacial asymmetry parameters and the Cheng-Tang rating score. By measuring the ear-eye distance, ear-nose distance, eye-mouth distance, ear-mouth distance, half-head circumference, and half-head top at two sides to evaluate craniofacial asymmetry. Based on the Cheng-Tang assessment criteria, we recorded the range of rotation, range of lateral flexion, the status of the contracted muscle, the hardness of the mass, the extent of head tilting during activities and sleeping, the status of daily activities, face size, type of head shape, cranial changes, and subjective head tilting to assess the effectiveness of treatment. Clinical data and outcome indicators (craniofacial asymmetry parameters and Cheng-Tang rating score) were compared. RESULTS: The MM group had a significantly higher total Cheng-Tang rating score than the NMM group (P < 0.05). Age at initial physiotherapy session was the risk factor for MM during physiotherapy. CONCLUSION: Children with CMT developing MM during physiotherapy generally have a good outcome, although we do not recommend MM as a goal of treatment. Physiotherapists should understand this phenomenon, assess relevant factors to predict risk, and carefully observe treatment to prevent possible complications.

Time Course of Changes in the Neurovascular Unit after Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in Neonatal Rats.

Exposure to hypoxic-ischemic (HI) insults in newborns can predispose them to severe neurological sequela. The mechanisms underlying HI-related brain injury have not been completely elucidated. The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a composite of structures that protect the brain from the influx of detrimental molecules. Changes in the NVU after HI are important because they could reveal endogenous neuroprotective pathways in the cerebral microvasculature. Furthermore, the time course of changes in the NVU after exposure to HI in the newborn remains to be determined. In this study, we examined the effects of severe HI on the time course of changes in the NVU in neonatal rats. Brains were collected from rats exposed to right carotid artery ligation and 2 h of hypoxia on postnatal day 7 with recovery for 6 or 48 h after exposure to sham treatment (Sham) or HI. The right HI and left hypoxic alone sides of the brains were examined by quantitative immunohistochemistry for vascular density (laminin), pericyte vascular coverage (PDGFRß), astrocyte vascular coverage (GFAP), and claudin-5 expression in the microvasculature of the cerebral cortex, white matter, and hippocampus. HI-related brain injury in neonatal rats was associated with increases in vascular density in the cortex and hippocampus 48 h after HI as well as neurovascular remodeling, including loss of pericyte coverage in the cortex and increases in claudin-5 in the hippocampus 6 h after HI. Astrocyte coverage was not affected by HI injury. The time course of the responses in the different components of the NVU varied after exposure to HI. There were also differential regional responses in the elements of the NVU in response to HI and hypoxia alone.

Effects of Three Different Doses of Inter-Alpha Inhibitor Proteins on Severe Hypoxia-Ischemia-Related Brain Injury in Neonatal Rats.

Hypoxia-ischemia (HI)-related brain injury is an important cause of morbidity and long-standing disability in newborns. We have previously shown that human plasma-derived inter-alpha inhibitor proteins (hIAIPs) attenuate HI-related brain injury in neonatal rats. The optimal dose of hIAIPs for their neuroprotective effects and improvement in behavioral outcomes remains to be determined. We examined the efficacy of 30, 60, or 90 mg/kg of hIAIPs administered to neonatal rats after exposure to HI for 2 h. Postnatal day 7 (P7) Wistar rats were exposed to either sham-surgery or unilateral HI (right carotid artery ligation, 2 h of 8% O2) brain injury. A placebo, 30, 60, or 90 mg/kg of hIAIPs were injected intraperitoneally at 0, 24 and 48 h after HI (n = 9-10/sex). We carried out the following behavioral analyses: P8 (righting reflex), P9 (negative geotaxis) and P10 (open-field task). Rats were humanely killed on P10 and their brains were stained with cresyl violet. Male extension/contraction responses and female righting reflex times were higher in the HI placebo groups than the sham groups. Female open-field exploration was lower in the HI placebo group than the sham group. hIAIPs attenuated these behavioral deficits. However, the magnitude of the responses did not vary by hIAIP dose. hIAIPs reduced male brain infarct volumes in a manner that correlated with improved behavioral outcomes. Increasing the hIAIP dose from 30 to 90 mg/kg did not further accentuate the hIAIP-related decreases in infarct volumes. We conclude that larger doses of hIAIPs did not provide additional benefits over the 30 mg/kg dose for behavior tasks or reductions in infarct volumes in neonatal rats after exposure to severe HI.

Changes in Cellular Localization of Inter-Alpha Inhibitor Proteins after Cerebral Ischemia in the Near-Term Ovine Fetus.

Inter-alpha Inhibitor Proteins (IAIPs) are key immunomodulatory molecules. Endogenous IAIPs are present in human, rodent, and sheep brains, and are variably localized to the cytoplasm and nuclei at multiple developmental stages. We have previously reported that ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) reduces IAIP concentrations in the fetal sheep brain. In this study, we examined the effect of I/R on total, cytoplasmic, and nuclear expression of IAIPs in neurons (NeuN+), microglia (Iba1+), oligodendrocytes (Olig2+) and proliferating cells (Ki67+), and their co-localization with histones and the endoplasmic reticulum in fetal brain cells. At 128 days of gestation, fetal sheep were exposed to Sham (n = 6) or I/R induced by cerebral ischemia for 30 min with reperfusion for 7 days (n = 5). Although I/R did not change the total number of IAIP+ cells in the cerebral cortex or white matter, cells with IAIP+ cytoplasm decreased, whereas cells with IAIP+ nuclei increased in the cortex. I/R reduced total neuronal number but did not change the IAIP+ neuronal number. The proportion of cytoplasmic IAIP+ neurons was reduced, but there was no change in the number of nuclear IAIP+ neurons. I/R increased the number of microglia and decreased the total numbers of IAIP+ microglia and nuclear IAIP+ microglia, but not the number of cytoplasmic IAIP+ microglia. I/R was associated with reduced numbers of oligodendrocytes and increased proliferating cells, without changes in the subcellular IAIP localization. IAIPs co-localized with the endoplasmic reticulum and histones. In conclusion, I/R alters the subcellular localization of IAIPs in cortical neurons and microglia but not in oligodendrocytes or proliferating cells. Taken together with the known neuroprotective effects of exogenous IAIPs, we speculate that endogenous IAIPs may play a role during recovery from I/R.

Distinct roles of srGAP3-Rac1 in the initiation and maintenance phases of neuropathic pain induced by paclitaxel.

KEY POINTS: Spinal cord dorsal horn srGAP3 (slit-robo GTPase activating protein 3) increases in the initiation phase of neuropathic pain and decreases in the maintenance phase. However, Rac1 activity, which can be reduced by srGAP3, decreases in the initiation phase and increases in the maintenance phase. The increased srGAP3 in the initiation phase promotes new immature dendritic spines instigating neuropathic pain. Decreased srGAP3 in the maintenance phase enhances Rac1 activity facilitating maturation of dendritic spines and the persistence of neuropathic pain. SrGAP3 small interfering RNA can ameliorate neuropathic pain only when administrated in the initiation phase. The Rac1 inhibitor can ameliorate neuropathic pain only when administrated in the maintenance phase. Combined targeting of srGAP3 in the initiation phase and Rac1 in the maintenance phase can produce optimal analgesic efficacy. ABSTRACT: Neuropathic pain includes an initiation phase and maintenance phase, each with different pathophysiological processes. Understanding the synaptic plasticity and molecular events in these two phases is relevant to exploring precise treatment strategies for neuropathic pain. In the present study, we show that dendritic spine density increases in the spinal dorsal horn in the initiation phase of neuropathic pain induced by paclitaxel and that the spine maturity ratio increases in the maintenance phase. Increased srGAP3 (slit-robo GTPase activating protein 3) facilitates dendritic spine sprouting in the initiation phase. In the maintenance phase, srGAP3 decreases to upregulate Rac1 activity, which facilitates actin polymerization and dendritic spine maturation and thus the persistence of neuropathic pain. Knockdown of srGAP3 in the initiation phase or inhibition of Rac1 in the maintenance phase attenuates neuropathic pain. Combined intervention of srGAP3 in the initiation phase, and Rac1 in the maintenance phase shows better analgesic efficacy against neuropathic pain. The present study demonstrates the role of srGAP3-Rac1 in dendritic spine plasticity in the two phases of neuropathic pain and, accordingly, provides treatment strategies for different phases of neuropathic pain.

Lipopolysaccharide-induced changes in the neurovascular unit in the preterm fetal sheep brain.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to inflammation during pregnancy can predispose to brain injury in premature infants. In the present study, we investigated the effects of prolonged exposure to inflammation on the cerebrovasculature of preterm fetal sheep. METHODS: Chronically instrumented fetal sheep at 103-104 days of gestation (full term is ~ 147 days) received continuous low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusions (100 ng/kg over 24 h, followed by 250 ng/kg/24 h for 96 h plus boluses of 1 µg LPS at 48, 72, and 96 h) or the same volume of normal saline (0.9%, w/v). Ten days after the start of LPS exposure at 113-114 days of gestation, the sheep were killed, and the fetal brain perfused with formalin in situ. Vessel density, pericyte and astrocyte coverage of the blood vessels, and astrogliosis in the cerebral cortex and white matter were determined using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: LPS exposure reduced (P < 0.05) microvascular vessel density and pericyte vascular coverage in the cerebral cortex and white matter of preterm fetal sheep, and increased the activation of perivascular astrocytes, but decreased astrocytic vessel coverage in the white matter. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged exposure to LPS in preterm fetal sheep resulted in decreased vessel density and neurovascular remodeling, suggesting that chronic inflammation adversely affects the neurovascular unit and, therefore, could contribute to long-term impairment of brain development.

Ontogeny of inter-alpha inhibitor protein (IAIP) expression in human brain.

Inter-alpha inhibitor proteins (IAIPs) are naturally occurring immunomodulatory molecules found in most tissues. We have reported ontogenic changes in the expression of IAIPs in brain during development in sheep and abundant expression of IAIPs in fetal and neonatal rodent brain in a variety of cellular types and brain regions. Although a few studies identified bikunin, light chain of IAIPs, in adult human brain, the presence of the complete endogenous IAIP protein complex has not been reported in human brain. In this study, we examined the immunohistochemical expression of endogenous IAIPs in human cerebral cortex from early in development through the neonatal period and in adults using well-preserved postmortem brains. We examined total, nuclear, and cytoplasmic staining of endogenous IAIPs and their expression in neurofilament light polypeptide-positive neurons and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes. IAIPs were ubiquitously detected for the first time in cerebral cortical cells at 24-26, 27-28, 29-36, and 37-40 weeks of gestation and in adults. Quantitative analyses revealed that IAIPs were predominately localized in the nucleus in all age groups, but cytoplasmic IAIP expression was more abundant in adult than in the younger ages. Immunoreactivity of IAIPs was expressed in neurons and astrocytes in all age groups. In addition, IAIP co-localization with GFAP-positive astrocytes was more abundant in adults than in the developing brain. We conclude that IAIPs exhibit ubiquitous expression, and co-localize with neurons and astrocytes in the developing and adult human brain suggesting a potential role for IAIPs in development and endogenous neuroprotection.

Potential neuroinvasive and neurotrophic properties of SARS-CoV-2 in pediatric patients: comparison of SARS-CoV-2 with non-segmented RNA viruses.

The emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing global health crises. Children can be infected, but are less likely to develop severe neurological abnormalities compared with adults. However, whether SARS-CoV-2 can directly cause neurological impairments in pediatric patients is not known. The possible evolutionary and molecular relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and non-segmented RNA viruses were examined with reference to neurological disorders in pediatric patients. SARS-CoV-2 shares similar functional domains with neuroinvasive and neurotropic RNA viruses. The Spike 1 (S1) receptor binding domain and the cleavage sites at S1/S2 boundary are less conserved compared with the S2 among coronaviruses.

Screening and characterization of an α-L-fucosidase from Bacteroides fragilis NCTC9343 for synthesis of fucosyl-N-acetylglucosamine disaccharides.

Fucosyl-N-acetylglucosamine disaccharides are present in many biologically important oligosaccharides, such as human milk oligosaccharides, Lewis carbohydrate antigens, and glycans on cell-surface glycoconjugate receptors, and thus have vast potential for infant formulas, prebiotics, and pharmaceutical applications. In this work, in order to screen biocatalysts for enzymatic synthesis of fucosyl-N-acetylglucosamine disaccharides, we performed sequence analysis of 12 putative and one known α-L-fucosidases of Bacteroides fragilis NCTC9343 and constructed a phylogenetic tree of the nine GH29 α-L-fucosidases. After that, five GH29A α-L-fucosidases were cloned, and four of them were successfully heterogeneous expressed and screened for transglycosylation activity, and a GH29A α-L-fucosidase (BF3242) that synthesized a mix of Fuc-α-1,3/1,6-GlcNAc disaccharides using pNPαFuc as donor and GlcNAc as acceptor was characterized. The effects of initial substrate concentration, pH, temperature, and reaction time on its transglycosylation activity were studied in detail. Under the optimum conditions of 0.05 U/mL enzyme, 20 mM pNPαFuc, and 500 mM GlcNAc in sodium buffer (pH 7.5) at 37 °C for 45 min, BF3242 efficiently synthesized Fuc-α-1,3/1,6-GlcNAc at a maximum yield of 79.0% with the ratio of 0.48 for 1,3/1,6. The molecular dynamics simulation analysis revealed that Loop-4 (His220-Ser245) in the putative 3D model of BF3242 displayed significant changes throughout the thermal simulations, might being responsible for the changes in the ratio of two regioisomeric products at different temperatures. This work provided not only a potential synthetic tool for enzymatic synthesis of fucosyl-N-acetylglucosamine disaccharides but also a possibility for the formation of regioisomeric products in glycosidase-catalyzed transglycosylation. KEY POINTS: • Sequence analysis of α-L-fucosidases of Bacteroides fragilis NCTC9343 • Obtainment of an α-L-fucosidase with high transglycosylation activity • Explanation why temperature affected the ratio of two regioisomeric products.

Converting a ß-N-acetylhexosaminidase into two trans-ß-N-acetylhexosaminidases by domain-targeted mutagenesis.

We have recently derived a ß-N-acetylhexosaminidase, BbhI, from Bifidobacterium bifidum JCM 1254, which could regioselectively synthesize GlcNAcß1-3Galß1-4Glc with a yield of 44.9%. Here, directed evolution of BbhI by domain-targeted mutagenesis was carried out. Firstly, the GH20 domain was selected for random mutagenesis using MEGAWHOP method and a small library of 1300 clones was created. A total of 734 colonies with reduced hydrolytic activity were isolated, and three mutants with elevated transglycosylation yields, GlcNAcß1-3Galß1-4Glc yields of 68.5%, 74.7%, and 81.1%, respectively, were obtained. Subsequently, nineteen independent mutants were constructed according to all the mutation sites in these three mutants. After transglycosylation analysis, Asp714 and Trp773 were identified as key residues for improvement in transglycosylation ability and were chosen for the second round of directed evolution by site-saturation mutagenesis. Two most efficient mutants D714T and W773R that acted as trans-ß-N-acetylhexosaminidase were finally achieved. D714T with the substitution at the putative nucleophile assistant residue Asp714 by threonine showed high yield of 84.7% with unobserved hydrolysis towards transglycosylation product. W773R with arginine substitution at Trp773 residue locating at the entrance of catalytic cavity led to the yield up to 81.8%. The kcat/Km values of D714T and W773R for hydrolysis of pNP-ß-GlcNAc displayed drastic decreases. NMR investigation of protein-substrate interaction revealed an invariable mode of the catalytic cavity of D714T, W773R, and WT BbhI. The collective motions of protein model showed the mutations Thr714 and Arg773 exerted little effect on the dynamics of the inside but a large effect on the dynamics of the outside of catalytic cavity.

Novel Neuroprotective Agents to Treat Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: Inter-Alpha Inhibitor Proteins.

Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a major cause of brain injury and mortality in neonates. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) predisposes infants to long-term cognitive deficits that influence their quality of life and place a large burden on society. The only approved treatment to protect the brain after HI is therapeutic hypothermia, which has limited effectiveness, a narrow therapeutic time window, and is not considered safe for treatment of premature infants. Alternative or adjunctive therapies are needed to improve outcomes of full-term and premature infants after exposure to HI. Inter-alpha inhibitor proteins (IAIPs) are immunomodulatory molecules that are proposed to limit the progression of neonatal inflammatory conditions, such as sepsis. Inflammation exacerbates neonatal HIE and suggests that IAIPs could attenuate HI-related brain injury and improve cognitive outcomes associated with HIE. Recent studies have shown that intraperitoneal treatment with IAIPs can decrease neuronal and non-neuronal cell death, attenuate glial responses and leukocyte invasion, and provide long-term behavioral benefits in neonatal rat models of HI-related brain injury. The present review summarizes these findings and outlines the remaining experimental analyses necessary to determine the clinical applicability of this promising neuroprotective treatment for neonatal HI-related brain injury.