ABSTRACT
Data concerning the transmission of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in paucisymptomatic patients are lacking. We report an Italian paucisymptomatic case of coronavirus disease 2019 with multiple biological samples positive for SARS-CoV-2. This case was detected using the World Health Organization protocol on cases and contact investigation. Current discharge criteria and the impact of extra-pulmonary SARS-CoV-2 samples are discussed.
Subject(s)
Asymptomatic Infections , Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis , Coronavirus/isolation & purification , Feces/virology , Lung/diagnostic imaging , Nasopharynx/virology , Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis , Travel , Virus Shedding , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , COVID-19 Testing , China , Clinical Laboratory Techniques , Contact Tracing , Coronavirus/genetics , Coronavirus Infections/transmission , Coronavirus Infections/virology , Humans , Italy , Lung/pathology , Male , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/therapy , Pneumonia, Viral/transmission , Pneumonia, Viral/virology , Quarantine , Radiography, Thoracic , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , SARS-CoV-2 , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , World Health Organization , Young AdultABSTRACT
Cancer patients (CPs), being immunosuppressed due to the treatment received or to the disease itself, are more susceptible to infections and their potential complications, showing therefore an increased risk of developing severe COVID-19 compared to the general population. We evaluated the immune responses to anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with solid tumors one year after the administration of the third dose and the effect of cancer treatment on vaccine immunogenicity was assessed. Healthy donors (HDs) were enrolled. Binding and neutralizing antibody (Ab) titers were evaluated using chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) and Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT) respectively. T-cell response was analyzed using multiparametric flow cytometry. CPs who were administered three vaccine doses showed lower Ab titers than CPs with four doses and HDs. Overall, a lower cell-mediated response was found in CPs, with a predominance of monofunctional T-cells producing TNFα. Lower Ab titers and a weaker T-cell response were observed in CPs without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection when compared to those with a previous infection. While no differences in the humoral response were found comparing immunotherapy and non-immunotherapy patients, a stronger T-cell response in CPs treated with immunotherapy was observed. Our results emphasize the need of booster doses in cancer patients to achieve a level of protection similar to that observed in healthy donors and underlines the importance of considering the treatment received to reach a proper immune response.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Neoplasms , Humans , COVID-19 Vaccines , COVID-19/prevention & control , SARS-CoV-2 , Vaccination , Neoplasms/therapy , Antibodies, Viral , Antibodies, NeutralizingABSTRACT
Yellow fever disease is a viral zoonosis that may result in a severe hemorrhagic disease. A safe and effective vaccine used in mass immunization campaigns has allowed control and mitigation against explosive outbreaks in endemic areas. Since the 1960's, re-emergent of the yellow fever virus has been observed. The timely implementation of control measures, to avoid or contain an ongoing outbreak requires rapid specific viral detection methods. Here a novel molecular assay, expected to detect all known yellow fever virus strains, is described. The method has demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity in real-time RT-PCR as well as in an endpoint RT-PCR set-up. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis reveal that the amplicon resulting from the novel method covers a genomic region whose mutational profile is completely associated to the yellow fever viral lineages. Therefore, sequencing analysis of this amplicon allows for assignment of the viral lineage.