[Bacteriological profile and antibiotic treatment of postoperative peritonitis]. / PROFIL BACTERIOLOGIQUE ET ANTIBIOTHERAPIE DES PERIONITES POST OPERATOIRES.

During the postoperative peritonitis (PPO) the main stay of treatment is the choice of probabilistic antibiotictherapy, it is also the main prognostic factor The aim of our study was to identify anappropriate antibiotic protocol to the current ecology of our unit. It was a retrospective study including 102 patients over a period of 09 years from 1 January 2003 to 3O November 2011. All of them are supported for the treatments off postoperative peritonitis in surgical intensive care unit of a service of general surgery a university hospital Charles Nicolle of Tunis. All bacteriological data (germs and sensitivity), and the terms of therapeutic modality for the empirical antibiotic therapy were listed. The incidence of PPO was Q90%.The average age of our patients was 57 +/- 18 years. The sex ratio was 1.08. One hundred and seven (107) microorganisms were isolated from 72 samples (44 microbial mono, 28 multi microbial). The frequency of gram-positive cocci (GPC) was 16.82%, the Gram-negative bacilli (BGN) was 82.2%. The Enterobacteriaceae have proved particularity resistant. Thus, the ampicillin resistance was 87.14%, that the C3G was 33.80%, the Piperacillin to Tazobactam combination, was 36.5% and that the association Ticarcillin-clavulanic acid was 43.6%. For non-fermenting BGN, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was sensitive to ticarcillin in 80% of cases, to ceftazidime in 66.6% of cases, PiperacillinTazobactam--in 71.43% of cases, imipenem in 85 72% of cases, colimycin in 100% of cases and Amiklin in 71.43% of cases. For CGP, enterococci were resistant to ampicillin in 50% of cases and vancomycin in 0% of cases. The majority of patients received triple antibiotic therapy (59.8%) or combination therapy (34.3%). The main associations were: cefotaxime + Gentamycin + Metronidazole (35.2%), Amikacin Imipenem + + Metronidazole (12.7%), Imipenem + amikacin (9.8%), Piperacillin / Tazobactam + amikacin (9.8%) + amikacin and ertapenem (5.88%). Probabilitic antibiotic therapy was addapted in 69.4% of cases. The average duration of the prescribed antibiotic was 11 days +/- 6 days. The mortality rate was 39.2%, was 32.23 days. The isolated microorganisms are those of the intestinal flora which is generally changed and thus the bacteria are selected then are multidrug resistant. Prescribing antibiotics should consider probabilistic. Thus, Imipenem-Amiklin combination seems appropriate to our ecology. This empiric antibiotic therapy is secondarily adapted to the results of susceptibility testing to limit the selection of multi-resistant organisms.

[Postoperative peritonitis: pronostic factors of mortality]. / PERITONITES POST OPERATOIRES: FACTEURS PRONOSTIQUES DE MORTALITE.

The postoperative peritonitis (POP) remains formidable conditions due to a high mortality rate of between 20 and 80%. The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors for mortality. This study is a retrospective, descriptive analysis carried out over a period of 09 years (1/1/2003 - 30/11/2011) and interesting 102 patients supported for POP following general surgery. Achieved in department of General Surgery B Charles Nicolle hospital Tunis. The parameters measured included epidemiological data, data related to the Initial Surgical Intervention and reoperation for POP, terms of management and evolution. Bacteriological data were also seized. The incidence of POP was 0.90%. The average age of our patients was 58 +/- 19 years with a sex ratio of 1.08. Forty-seven percent of our patients belonged to the ASAII class. The initial operation was performed urgently in 49 patients (48%) with a majority belonging to the class II Altemeier (49.01%). Colorectal pathology (373%) and hepatobiliay (176%) were the most frequent reasons for the initial intervention. The frequency of clinical signs were fever (75.5%), hypothermia (6.9%), abdominal pain (725%), abdominal distension (46.1%), productive gastric aspiration (30.4%), abdominal defense (25.5%), externalizing the digestive fluid (25.5%), vomiting (19.6%), diarrhea (12.7%), tachycardia (569%), oliguria (42.2%), respiratory failure (40.2%), hypotension (35.3%), neuropsychiatric disorders ( 23.5%) and jaundice (69%). The treatment period was 2.95 +/- 3.16 days. The surgical recovery time was 78 days +/- 5.66. At the time of reoperation, the APACHE II score was 8.43 +/- 6.26 and 25.1 +/- MPI score 8.53. The POP was generalized in 52.9% of cases with purulent peritoneal fluid in 51% of cases. The most common cause was the dropping of the anastomosis (59.8%). Empirical antibiotic therapy was appropriate in 69.44 % of cases. The mortality rate was 39.2%. Multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression identified the following factors as independent mortality factors: Age > or = 60 years (RR = 6.089), multiple organ failure (RR = 18.019), non-appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy (RR = 6.541), stercoral aspect of peritoneal fluid (RR 6.412). Despite a low frequency, the POP are burdened with a high mortality rate. The improved prognosis requires early diagnosis in order to allow a appropriate load medicosurgical support before the installation of multiorgan failure syndrome. Among the independent factors associated with mortality that we have identifed, the not adapted empiric antibiotic therapy is the main factor on which we can act.

ATOM, the all-inclusive, nominal EAES classification of bile duct injuries during cholecystectomy.

BACKGROUND: Several studies seem to indicate at least a 2-fold increase in bile duct injuries (BDI) since the inception of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Moreover, injuries seem to be more proximal, seem to be revealed earlier, are expressed by leaks more often than by strictures, are repaired more frequently by nonspecialists (either during the index operation or soon after), and appear to be more often associated with loss of substance and ischemia. The plethora of prior classifications probably attests to the evolving clinical spectrum, the mounting wealth of ever-increasing diagnostic methods, and an acknowledgment of insufficiencies or lack of data in earlier classification reports. Previous attempts at uniformity remain incomplete. The purpose of this study was to devise a nominal classification, combining all existing classification items, taking into account the changing pattern of BDI. METHODS: Extensive bibliographic research, analysis of each category within the individual classifications combined into one uniform classification. RESULTS: Fifteen classifications were retained. All items were integrated into the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) classification, using semantic connotations, grouped in three easy-to-remember categories, A (for anatomy), To (for time of), M (for mechanism): (1) the anatomic characteristics of the injury: NMBD for non-main bile duct or MBD for main bile duct (followed by a number 1-6, corresponding to the anatomic level on the MBD), followed by Oc (for occlusion) or D (division), P (partial) or C (complete), LS (loss of substance), VBI (vasculobiliary injury in general), and whenever known, the vessel; (2) time of detection: Ei (early intraoperative), Ep (early postoperative) or L (late); and (3) mechanism of injury: Me (mechanical) or ED (energy-driven). CONCLUSIONS: The EAES composite, all-inclusive, nominal classification ATOM (anatomic, time of detection, mechanism) should allow combination of all information on BDI, irrespective of the original classification used, and thus facilitate epidemiologic and comparative studies; indicate simple, appropriate preventive measures; and better guide therapeutic indications for iatrogenic BDI occurring during cholecystectomy.

[Ileocolic intussusception from metastatic renal cell carcinoma]. / Localisation iléale d'un carcinome à cellules rénales révélée par une invagination iléo-cæcale.

The lung, the liver, the bone tissue and the brain are the most frequent sites for renal cell carcinoma metastasis. Small bowel metastasis from renal cell carcinoma is rare, with only few cases published. We report the case of ileal metastasis from operated kidney cancer revealed by ileocolic intussusception and causing intestinal obstruction in a 32-year-old woman.

Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the clinical practice guidelines of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES).

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures in Europe (and the world) and has become the standard procedure for the management of symptomatic cholelithiasis or acute cholecystitis in patients without specific contraindications. Bile duct injuries (BDI) are rare but serious complications that can occur during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Prevention and management of BDI has given rise to a host of publications but very few recommendations, especially in Europe. METHODS: A systematic research of the literature was performed. An international expert panel was invited to appraise the current literature and to develop evidence-based recommendations. Statements and recommendations were drafted after a consensus development conference in May 2011, followed by presentation and discussion at the annual congress of the EAES held in Torino in June 2011. Finally, full guidelines were consented and adopted by the expert panel via e-mail and web conference. RESULTS: A total of 1,765 publications were identified through the systematic literature search and additional submission by panellists; 671 publications were selected as potentially relevant. Only 46 publications fulfilled minimal methodological criteria to support Clinical Practice Guidelines recommendations. Because the level of evidence was low for most of the studies, most statements or recommendations had to be based on consensus of opinion among the panel members. A total of 15 statements and recommendations were developed covering the following topics: classification of injuries, epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis, and management of BDI. CONCLUSIONS: Because BDI is a rare event, it is difficult to generate evidence for prevention, diagnosis, or the management of BDI from clinical studies. Nevertheless, the panel has formulated recommendations. Due to the currently limited evidence, a European registry should be considered to collect and analyze more valid data on BDI upon which recommendations can be based.

Umbrella review of the efficacy of perioperative immunonutrition in visceral surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Immunonutrition (IN) is used in major visceral surgery to reduce postoperative complications. This umbrella review (review of reviews) collects and analyses data on the efficacy of perioperative IN. METHODS: The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Inclusion criteria were meta-analyses comparing IN with normal diet or isocaloric isonitrogenous feeding. The primary outcome was infectious complications. Secondary outcomes were overall morbidity, hospital length of stay and mortality. Methodological quality was evaluated using AMSTAR-2. Overlap and certainty of evidence (GRADE) were assessed. RESULTS: Twenty meta-analyses (MAs) were included in the umbrella review: eleven on various abdominal surgeries (one MA was considered twice) and eight on pancreatic, oesophageal, hepatic, or colorectal surgeries. Overall, IN was associated with significantly fewer postoperative infectious complications (OR 0.60 [0.54-0.65], random effect model) but with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 64%), and less postoperative morbidity (OR 0.78 [0.74-0.81], I2 = 30.3%). Excluding three MAs with heterogeneity did not alter the results. The overlap between the MAs was slight, with a corrected covered area of 0.13. There was no significant difference in the timing of IN (preoperative, postoperative or perioperative). CONCLUSION: This umbrella review confirms the beneficial effect of IN in visceral surgery. Some practical questions remain unanswered: optimal timing of IN, in which surgical speciality it is best used, and its utility in enhanced recovery programmes. REGISTRATION IN PROSPERO: CRD42021255177.

Omentoplasty decreases deep organ space surgical site infection compared with external tube drainage after conservative surgery for hepatic cystic echinococcosis: Meta-analysis with a meta-regression.

INTRODUCTION: The rate of deep organ space/surgical site infection after conservative surgery for hepatic cystic echinococcosis (HCE) ranges from 12% to 26% with a post-operative mortality rate between 0% and 7.5%. This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to investigate whether omentoplasty (OP) following conservative surgery for HCE leads to decreased rates of morbidity and mortality compared to external tube drainage ETD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We identified 4540 articles through database searching. After verifying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we retained eight studies for final analysis: two randomized controlled trials (RCT), one prospective comparative study and five retrospective comparative studies. The main outcome measure was organ space/surgical site (OS/SS) morbidity that was limited to "deep organ space/surgical site infection (Deep OS/SSI) with or without re-operation". RESULTS: The eight studies reported results for deep OS/SSI (6/374 (OP) and 60/403 (ETD), respectively). There were statistically significantly less deep OS/SSI with OP (vs. ETD) OR=0.17 95%CI [0.05, 0.62] (P=0.007). A random-effect meta-regression, including the eight studies, showed an interaction in favor of OP. There were also statistically significant less biliary leakage±fistula and overall morbidity in OP compared to ETD. On the other hand, no statistically significant difference was found concerning deep bleeding, mortality and recurrence between these two groups. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis with a meta-regression showed that there were statistically significant less deep OS/SSI, biliary leakage±fistula and overall morbidity in OP compared to ETD.

[Isokinetic, functional and proprioceptive assessment of soccer players two years after surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee]. / Evaluation isocinétique, fonctionnelle et proprioceptive du footballeur à deux ans postopératoire de la reconstruction du ligament croisé antérieur du genou.

UNLABELLED: Injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee are common in sport and are treated routinely in the world of sports medicine. In order to resume competitive sport in safety, it is important to know the actual level of performance achieved by the operated leg some time after the ligament repair. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this work was to evaluate the recovery of the operated leg in Tunisian sportsmen two years after surgery by using isokinetic testing (60 degrees s(-1)), the one-leg hop distance test (i.e. a functional activity that one often finds in sport) and proprioceptive assessment. A secondary objective was to detect any possible correlations between the various outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The ACL group was composed of 26 top-level Tunisian footballers having undergone ACL ligament repair. Two years after surgery, the following assessments were performed: an isokinetic test with an angular velocity of 60 degrees s(-1), a proprioceptive assessment in both active and passive modes and the functional one-leg hop distance test. RESULTS: Our investigations confirmed a muscle deficit of 16% in the hamstring muscles of the injured leg. In both active and passive modes, normal proprioception is observed at a flexion of 60 degrees and in total extension but not in a mid-way position. The performance level of the operated leg (in terms of distance) had an average symmetry value of 93.40+/-2.7%. CONCLUSION: Playing football appears to influence the isokinetic strength profile in sportsmen after ACL repair. The repair procedure leads to bilateral proprioceptive disruption at 15 degrees of knee flexion, on average.

[Impact of physical activity on the autonomy and the quality of life of patients with spinal cord injury]. / Impact de la pratique sportive sur l'autonomie et la qualité de vie du paraplégique.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of regular physical activity on the autonomy and the quality of life of Tunisian patients with spinal cord injury. METHODS: The study relates to 25 paraplegic divided into two groups: 10 paraplegic sportsmen and 15 sedentary paraplegics among whom we assess the degree of the autonomy with the Functional Independence Measure and the quality of life with the quality of life questionnaire SF36 in its Arabic version. RESULTS: The result analysis shows a significant difference of the total score of the Functional Independence Measure between the two groups, the sporting paraplegic having developed a better autonomy on the daily activities than the nonsporting paraplegics with a total average score of 115.10 against 93.87 (p<0.001). A significant difference is noted, mainly in the headings "personal care" and ',"mobility". Concerning the shutter "quality of life", the scores of various dimensions of scale SF36 were higher in the sporting paraplegic with significant difference in the headings bodily pain (p<0.01), vitality (p<0.04) and global physical score (p<0.008). CONCLUSION: This study enabled us to show that the regular physical activity as well had a positive effect on optimization of the functional capacities of paraplegic as on the improvement of its quality of life, thus, supporting a better socioprofessional reintegration.

[Role of the Neurocom Balance Master in assessment of gait problems and risk of falling in elderly people]. / Rôle du Neurocom Balance Master dans l'évaluation des troubles de l'équilibre et du risque de chute chez le sujet âgé.

INTRODUCTION: Falls in elderly people is currently a health service problem because of the multiple consequences. Numerous teams have been interested in predicting the risk of falling with clinical and instrumental tests. Our study investigated instrumental evaluation by use of the Neurocom Balance Master in the global assessment of gait problems and risk of falling in elderly people. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Transverse study concerning 60 subjects older than 65 years distributed in 2 groups of 30 subjects each according to the existence or not of falling incidents during the past year. Evaluation by the Balance Master involved the following items: 1) the modified Clinical Test for the Sensory Interaction on Balance (CTSIB), which estimates balance by measuring the speed of oscillation of the center of pressure (CP) with open then closed eyes and firm then mossy ground; 2) support monopodal 5" to the left then to the right, eyes open then closed in moderated speeds of oscillation of the CP; 3) passage from standing to sitting, in moderated speeds of oscillation of the CP; 4) limits of stability: the possibilities of moving the CP towards a predetermined target without moving the feet in moderated time and speed; 5) study of the step: determine length and width of the step as well as speed; 6) most about-turn: measure of speed of oscillation of the CP during the right then left about-turn; 7) clearing: the force of the impact and the oscillations of the CP during the clearing of an obstacle 10 cm high to measure leverage. RESULTS: The oscillation speed of the CP in the 2 groups during modified CTSIB, support monopodal 5", passage from standing to sitting, about-turn and clearing were significantly improved the group of the patients with falls (P < 0.05). The step, length and speed of these patients were significantly reduced, with no difference in width of the step between the 2 groups. In the evaluation of the limits of stability, only time necessary to reach the target was significantly increased in the group with falls. Finally, the indication of leverage and the force of impact on the ground measured by the test of clearing were more important in the group of fallers than in non-fallers. CONCLUSION: The Neurocom Balance Master estimates not only postural balance, but also the vestibulary system and reproduces the physiological conditions of daily life. It has a certain role in the early assessment of gait problems and the risk of falling. This system also allows for rehabilitation of the impaired balance and offers a profit with the biofeedback.

[Conservative management of full-thickness rotator cuff tears. A prospective study of 24 patients]. / Traitement conservateur des ruptures transfixiantes de la coiffe des rotateurs. Etude prospective ouverte. A propos de 24 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of conservative treatment of full-thickness rotator cuff tears. METHOD: A prospective open study of patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears. The diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasonography examination. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated before treatment, at the end of the treatment, and at 1, 3 and 6 months. Pain and handicap intensity were measured by a visual analogue scale, by the algo-functional Constant score, by articular mobility and, finally, by the resumption of daily and/or professional activities. Successful treatment was considered with a VAS pain scoreor=80. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients, mean age 59 years, with full-thickness rotator cuff tears for 9 months, on average, were included in the study. The parameters of pain function and handicap improved significantly since the end of treatment. The Constant score improved greatly, from 44.8 before treatment to 71.8 at the end of treatment and 74.2 at 6 months. This improvement continued until 3 months after treatment. The rate of success was 75% at 6 months. CONCLUSION: Despite the small sample size, our study confirm that rehabilitation should always be performed before a decision of surgical repair.

Acute celiac trunk thrombosis revealed by biliary peritonitis.

Acute thrombosis of the celiac trunk is a very uncommon condition, which is a life-threatening emergency. The clinical presentation is highly variable depending on the extent of the ischemic territory. We report a case of biliary peritonitis related to an acute thrombosis of the celiac trunk. This case highlights the role of abdominal computed tomography in the diagnosis of acute upper abdominal pain.

Omentoplasty in the prevention of deep abdominal complications after surgery for hydatid disease of the liver: a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial. French Associations for Surgical Research.

BACKGROUND: Omentoplasty (OP) is thought to fill residual cavity, to assist healing of raw surfaces, and to promote resorption of serosal fluid and macrophagic migration in septic foci. Results published to date, whether retrospective or prospective, are not controlled and are discordant. STUDY DESIGN: The authors investigated whether OP, either filling the residual cavity after unroofing, or covering the hepatic raw surface after pericystectomy, could reduce the rate or severity of deep abdominal complications (DAC) after surgical treatment of hydatid disease of the liver. Between January 1993 and December 1996, 115 consecutive patients (51 males and 64 females, mean age 42+/-16 years [range 10 to 80 years]) with previously unoperated uni- or multilocular hydatid disease of the liver, complicated or not, without other abdominal hydatid disease, were randomly allotted to OP (n = 58) or not (NO) (n = 57) after unroofing, total, or partial pericystectomy. Patients were divided into 2 strata according to the site of the cyst with respect to the diaphragm: a) posterosuperior segments II, VII, and VIII or b) anterior segments III, IV, V, and VI. Main outcomes measures included deep bleeding, hematoma, infection, or bile leakage. Subsidiary measures included wound complications, extraabdominal complications, duration of operation, and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: Both groups were comparable regarding patient demographics, cyst characteristics, intraoperative procedures, search for bile leaks, and intraoperative transfusion requirements. On the other hand, more patients (86%) in NO had associated drainage of the abdominal cavity than in OP (64%) and the duration of operation was 9 minutes longer in OP, but neither of these differences was statistically significant. Less DAC occurred in OP (10%) than in NO (23%) (a posteriori gamma risk < 0.05) and fewer deep abdominal abscesses (0 versus 11%) (p < 0.03). Median duration of hospital stay, however, was similar. CONCLUSIONS: OP decreases the rate of DAC and especially deep abdominal abscess after surgical treatment (unroofing or pericystectomy) for hydatid disease of the liver and should be recommended in this setting.