Pupillary autonomic dysfunction in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess autonomic function by infrared dynamic pupillometry in patients with ANCA-vasculitis (AAV) in correlation to autonomic symptoms, disease specific clinical parameters and cardiovascular reflex tests. METHODS: Patients with AAV and healthy controls underwent pupillometry at rest and after sympathetic stimulation (cold pressor test). Three parasympathetic parameters (amplitude, relative amplitude, maximum constriction velocity) and one sympathetic parameter (late dilatation velocity) were assessed. Results were correlated with clinical parameters, symptoms of autonomic dysfunction (COMPASS31 questionnaire), heart rate variability during deep breathing test and blood pressure response to pain. RESULTS: 23 patients and 18 age-matched controls were enrolled. Patients had a smaller amplitude (1.44 vs. 1.70 mm; p = 0.009) and a slower constriction velocity (4.15 vs. 4.71 mm/s; p = 0.028) at baseline and after sympathetic stimulation (1.47 vs. 1.81 mm, p = 0.001; 4.38 vs. 5.19 mm/s, p = 0.006, respectively). Relative amplitude was significantly smaller in patients after sympathetic stimulation (28.6 vs. 32.5%; p = 0.043), but not at baseline. There was no difference in sympathetic pupillary response between the groups. In patients, parasympathetic pupil response was correlated negatively with age and positively with parasympathetic cardiac response. After adjusting for age, no significant correlation was observed with clinical parameters. However, there was a trend towards a negative correlation with disease duration, vasculitis damage index and CRP. CONCLUSION: Patients with AAV exhibit parasympathetic pupillary autonomic dysfunction. Although correlations were weak and not significant, pupillary autonomic dysfunction is rather linked to chronic damage than to active inflammation or symptoms of autonomic dysfunction.

Assessment of autonomic function in a cohort of patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess symptoms and objective parameters of autonomic dysfunction (AD) in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitides. METHODS: Symptoms and objective parameters of AD were assessed in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis and in age-matched healthy controls. Autonomic symptoms were explored by COMPASS31, a validated questionnaire addressing symptoms of six autonomic domains (orthostatic, vasomotor, secretomotor, gastrointestinal, pupillomotor, and bladder dysfunction). Objective autonomic parameters consisted of expiratory/inspiratory (E/I) ratio during the deep breathing test (DBT), blood pressure response to cold pressor test (CPT), and skin conductance changes during mental arithmetic. RESULTS: 27 patients and 27 healthy controls have been enrolled. 27 patients and 27 controls completed COMPASS31. 21 patients and 18 controls underwent objective autonomic testing. Vasculitis patients had significantly higher COMPASS31 total scores than controls (median 10.4 vs 3.0; p = 0.005). In the sub-domain analysis, significant differences were seen in the vasomotor and the bladder domain (p = 0.004; p < 0.001, respectively). No correlation was found between COMPASS31 score and disease duration, number of affected organs, or Birmingham vasculitis activity score (BVAS). There was no significant difference in any of the objective autonomic parameters between patients and controls. In a subgroup analysis, no difference in objective autonomic parameters was found between patients with active disease (n = 12) and patients in remission (n = 7). CONCLUSION: Patients with ANCA-associated vasculitides commonly have symptoms of autonomic dysfunction that are independent of disease duration and disease severity. However, at least in this single-centre observation, there was no evidence of impaired autonomic regulation in three autonomic function tests in vasculitis patients.

[Sporadic Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: An Overview with Clinical Cases]. / Die sporadische zerebrale Amyloidangiopathie - eine aktuelle Übersicht mit klinischen Fallbeispielen.

Sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a cerebral small vessel disease in the elderly. Neuropathologically, it is characterized by deposition of amyloid-ß (Aß) in the wall of small to medium-sized arteries, capillaries and venules of the cerebral cortex and leptomeninges. Over the last years it was recognized as an important cause of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage and cognitive deficits in the elderly. The clinical and radiological manifestations are diverse ranging from acute onset focal neurological deficits due to intracerebral lobar hemorrhage to subacute progressive cognitive impairment due to Aß-mediated inflammation confluent subcortical edema. The wide clinico-radiological spectrum of CAA is a major challenge for the neurologist and stroke physician. This review provides a structured and detailed look at recent developments in CAA, and is illustrated with case studies.

Treatment of chronic migraine with transcutaneous stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagal nerve (auricular t-VNS): a randomized, monocentric clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Aim of the study was assessment of efficacy and safety of transcutaneous stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagal nerve (t-VNS) in the treatment of chronic migraine. METHODS: A monocentric, randomized, controlled, double-blind study was conducted. After one month of baseline, chronic migraine patients were randomized to receive 25 Hz or 1 Hz stimulation of the sensory vagal area at the left ear by a handhold battery driven stimulator for 4 h/day during 3 months. Headache days per 28 days were compared between baseline and the last month of treatment and the number of days with acute medication was recorded The Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) and the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) questionnaires were used to assess headache-related disability. RESULTS: Of 46 randomized patients, 40 finished the study (per protocol). In the per protocol analysis, patients in the 1 Hz group had a significantly larger reduction in headache days per 28 days than patients in the 25 Hz group (-7.0 ± 4.6 vs. -3.3 ± 5.4 days, p = 0.035). 29.4 % of the patients in the 1 Hz group had a ≥50 % reduction in headache days vs. 13.3 % in the 25 Hz group. HIT-6 and MIDAS scores were significantly improved in both groups, without group differences. There were no serious treatment-related adverse events. CONCLUSION: Treatment of chronic migraine by t-VNS at 1 Hz was safe and effective. The mean reduction of headache days after 12 weeks of treatment exceeded that reported for other nerve stimulating procedures.

[Cognitive Function in Patients Before and After Micro-neurosurgical Resection of Frontal Brain Tumors]. / Kognitive Funktion bei Patienten vor und nach mikrochirurgischer Resektion von frontalen Hirntumoren.

Patients with lesions of the prefrontal cortex as a result of frontal brain tumors (intra- and extra-axial) can show impairments of executive functions 1 2 3 4. Although there are a large number of psychological tests, the detection of impairments of relevant everyday executive functions in these patients is still extremely difficult. In 30 patients with lesions of the prefrontal cortex, the executive functions were tested with the Behavioral Assessment of Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) and 21 patients were also followed up postoperatively. Additionally, if possible, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), a widely used executive function test, and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) for general cognitive performance were conducted. Pre- and postoperatively, a total of 16 patients were followed up with all three tests. The aim was to investigate the neuropsychological assessment pre- and postoperatively, to evaluate it in terms of deficits and changes in performance and to ensure that no new relevant everyday cognitive deficits arose. Preoperatively, only one patient, who could not be tested post-surgery, showed a reduced overall profile value in the BADS.  In all tested patients, there was no evidence of deterioration of cognitive status 8 - 12 weeks postoperatively. Further investigations using fMRI should be used to clarify whether the results obtained should be interpreted as neuroplastic adaptations of prefrontal cognitive functions or as a failure to detect deficits due to a lack of sensitivity of the tests used.

Variability in expenses related to spine oncology care: comparison of payer-negotiated rates at National Cancer Institute-Designated Cancer Centers.

BACKGROUND: As of 2021, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) requires all hospitals to publish their commercially negotiated prices. To our knowledge, price variation of spine oncology diagnosis and treatments has not been previously investigated. PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to characterize the availability and variation of prices for spinal oncology services among National Cancer Institute-Designated Cancer Centers (NCI-DCC). STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis. METHODS: Cancer centers were identified; those that did not provide patient care or participate in Medicare's Inpatient Prospective System were excluded. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted to gather commercially negotiated prices by searching online for "[center name] price transparency OR machine-readable file OR chargemaster." Data obtained was queried using 44 current procedural terminology (CPT) codes for imaging, procedures, and surgeries relevant to spine oncology. Comparison of prices was achieved by normalizing the median price for each service at each center to the estimated 2022 Medicare reimbursement for the center's Medicare Administrator Contractor. The ratios between the lowest and highest median commercial negotiated price within a center and across all centers were defined as "within-center ratio" and "across-center ratio" respectively. RESULTS: In total, 49 centers disclosed commercial payer-negotiated rates. Mean rate (±SD) for cervical corpectomy was $9,134 (±$10,034), thoracic laminectomy for neoplasm excision was $5,382 (±$5502), superficial bone biopsy was $1,853 (±$1,717), and single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) was $813 (±$232). Within-center ratios ranged from 5.0 (SPECT scan) to 17.8 (radiofrequency bone ablation). Across-center ratios (for codes with > 10 centers reporting) ranged from 9.0 (corpectomy, thoracic, lateral extra-cavitary) to 418.7 (anterior approach cervical corpectomy). CONCLUSIONS: Price transparency for spinal oncology remains elusive despite recent CMS regulatory oversight, with marked heterogeneity in the quality of published rates complicating patients' ability to "shop" for care. Additionally, there continues to be significant variation in commercial rates for spine oncology diagnosis and treatment. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Despite regulation by CMS, prices for spinal oncology services are not uniformly available to patients and vary between NCI-DCC. The findings of this manuscript present potential barriers for patients to compare and obtain affordable care.

One-Level versus Two-Level Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (ALIF) from L4-S1: Comparison of Complications, Alignment, and Patient Outcomes.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE: Compare outcomes in patients undergoing one-level or two-level anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) at L4-S1. BACKGROUND: Although ALIF may deliver restoration of lumbar lordosis and improvement in clinical outcomes, it also carries risk of complications including major vascular injury. Whether one-level and two-level ALIF offers similar outcomes is not known. METHODS: Adults who underwent one-level L4-L5 or L5-S1 ALIF and two-level L4-S1 ALIF at a single academic institution were identified. Patient demographics, procedural characteristics, improvement in spinopelvic alignment, and one-year postoperative patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and complications were compared. Multivariate regression analyses, accounting for age, gender, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), were also performed. RESULTS: In total, 158 ALIF patients (111 one-level and 47 two-level) were included, with mean age of 51.4 years, 57.0% female, mean CCI of 1.2, and mean follow-up of 27.0 months. Surgical time (147.3 min vs. 124.6 min, P=0.002) and hospital length of stay (3.5 d vs. 2.9 d, P=0.036) were higher for two-level ALIF. One-year postoperatively, two-level ALIF patients had more caudal apex of lordosis (P=0.016) and 4.1 mm (P=0.002) and 2.0 mm (P=0.019) higher L4-L5 anterior and posterior disc heights, respectively. PROMs were not statistically different across groups (P>0.05). Finally, two-level ALIF patients were 10.9 times more likely to have in-hospital complications (P=0.040), such as intraoperative vascular injury (11.1% vs. 1.5%, P=0.040) or postoperative ileus (7.4% vs. 0.0%, P=0.027), than one-level ALIF patients. CONCLUSION: In this investigation with greater than one-year follow-up, two-level ALIF in the L4-S1 spine had higher procedural time, length of stay, and approach-related complications than one-level ALIF. Although there were minor improvements in alignment with two-level ALIF, PROMs were comparable with improvements from baseline to last follow-up. These findings may help surgeons carefully weigh the risks and benefits of one- versus two-level ALIF when determining surgical plans for patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Impact of Segmental Lordosis Restoration During Degenerative Spinal Fusion on Two-Year Adjacent Segment Disease and Revision Rates.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE: Assess the impact of inadequate correction of L4-S1 lordosis during transforaminal lumber interbody fusion (TLIF) on adjacent segment disease and revision rates. BACKGROUND: Restoring alignment is an important consideration in spinal fusions. Failure to correct to level-specific alignment goals could promote the development of adjacent segment disease. As such, it is crucial to investigate the role of sagittal segmental alignment on clinical outcomes following short segment lumbar fusion. METHODS: Patients who underwent 1- to 3-level transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) and had two-year outcomes data were included in this retrospective cohort study. Segmental lumbar lordosis was assessed in all patients with L3-L4, L4-L5, and L5-S1 constructs. Demographics, radiographic spinopelvic alignment, and complications were compared in a sub-group of patients fused at L4-S1 with adequate (i.e., within 35-45°) and inadequate (i.e., <35°) L4-S1 lordosis. RESULTS: Among the 168 included patients, mean age was 61.7 years, 56.0% were female, and mean follow-up was 32.3 months. Segmental lumbar lordosis did not change significantly after TLIF of L3-L4, L4-L5, or L5-S1 (P>0.05). Two-year postoperatively, 32.7% developed adjacent segment disease and 19.6% underwent revisions. After stratification by adequate (N=15) or inadequate (N=54) restoration of L4-S1 lordosis following initial TLIF surgery, adequately-restored patients had higher preoperative L4-S1 lordosis (Adequately-Restored=39.3° vs Inadequately-Restored=29.5°, P<0.001) and lower two-year postoperative adjacent segment disease (6.7% vs. 33.3%, P=0.032) and revision (5.7% vs. 25.9%, P=0.l33) rates. Adjacent segment disease patients had higher implant-related complications (Adjacent Segment Disease=36.8% vs No Adjacent Segment Disease=8.0%, P=0.008) and subsequent revisions (61.1% vs. 8.7%, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Adjacent segment disease and revisions after degenerative lumbar spinal fusion are common. In this cohort, suboptimal restoration of L4-S1 lordosis was associated with higher rates of adjacent segment disease and subsequent revisions, thus highlighting the importance of restoring sagittal alignment in degenerative spine surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Crossing the Cervicothoracic Junction: A Biomechanical Investigation of C7 vs T1 Caudal Selection's Effect on Adjacent Segment Motion in Posterior Cervical Fusion.

STUDY DESIGN: Biomechanical Study. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the biomechanical adjacent segment effects of multi-level posterior cervical fusion constructs that terminate at C7 compared to those that terminate at T1 in cadaveric specimens. BACKGROUND: The cervicothoracic junction poses unique challenges for spine surgeons. Deciding to terminate multi-level posterior cervical fusion constructs at C7 or extend them across the cervicothoracic junction remains a controversial issue. METHODS: Six cadaveric specimens underwent biomechanical testing in the intact state and after instrumentation with constructs from C3 and terminating at either C7 or T1. Range of motion (ROM) was assessed in flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation globally and at cranial and caudal adjacent segments. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in overall flexion/extension by both C7 (-35.5°, P=0.002) and T1 (-39.8°, P=0.002) instrumentation compared to the intact spine. T1 instrumentation had significantly lower (-4.3°, P=0.008) flexion/extension ROM compared to C7 instrumentation. There were significant decreases in axial rotation by both C7 (-31.4°, P=0.009) and T1 (-36.8°, P=0.009) instrumentation compared to the intact spine, but no significant differences were observed between the two. There were also significant decreases in lateral bending by both C7 (-27.9°, P=0.022) and T1 (-33.7°, P=0.022) instrumentation compared to the intact spine, but no significant differences were observed between the two. No significant differences were observed in ROM at cranial or caudal adjacent segments between constructs terminating at C7 and those extending to T1. CONCLUSION: This biomechanical investigation demonstrates that constructs that cross the cervicothoracic junction experience less overall spinal motion in flexion-extension compared to those that terminate at C7. However, contrary to prior studies there is no difference in cranial and caudal adjacent segment motion. Surgeons should make clinical decisions regarding the caudal extent of fusion in multi-level posterior cervical fusions without major concerns about adjacent segment motion.

Sagittal Alignment in the Degenerative Lumbar Spine: Surgical Planning.

➤ Sagittal alignment of the spine has gained attention in the field of spinal deformity surgery for decades. However, emerging data support the importance of restoring segmental lumbar lordosis and lumbar spinal shape according to the pelvic morphology when surgically addressing degenerative lumbar pathologies such as degenerative disc disease and spondylolisthesis.➤ The distribution of caudal lordosis (L4-S1) and cranial lordosis (L1-L4) as a percentage of global lordosis varies by pelvic incidence (PI), with cephalad lordosis increasing its contribution to total lordosis as PI increases.➤ Spinal fusion may lead to iatrogenic deformity if performed without attention to lordosis magnitude and location in the lumbar spine.➤ A solid foundation of knowledge with regard to optimal spinal sagittal alignment is beneficial when performing lumbar spinal surgery, and thoughtful planning and execution of lumbar fusions with a focus on alignment may improve patient outcomes.

Plastic Surgery Closure of Complex Spinal Wounds.

Wound breakdown and infection are common complications after complex spine surgery and may occur in up to 40% of high-risk patients. These are challenging scenarios which can result in a prolonged hospital stay, revision surgery, and elevated costs. Reconstructive specialists can do prophylactic closures for high-risk groups to potentially reduce the risk of developing a wound complication. These plastic surgery techniques often involve multilayered closure, with the addition of local muscle and/or fasciocutaneous flaps. The goal of this study was to review the literature for risks associated with wound complications, identification of high-risk patients, and the advantages of using plastic surgery techniques. In addition, we elaborate on the multilayered and flap closure technique for complex spine surgery which is done at our institution.

Robotic Spine Surgery in Rhode Island.

Surgical robots were first proposed in the 1960s with subsequent development and clinical implementation in the 1980s and 1990s. Recent advances in technology have led to widespread utilization of robots in many surgical subspecialties. In spine surgery, robots are primarily utilized for pedicle screw placement, with several studies highlighting the potential benefits of improved accuracy and reduction in radiation exposure. Once streamlined, robotic spine surgery (RSS) can provide financial renumeration through potential cost savings and marketing benefits, and in the future will likely aid in more complex surgeries. In Rhode Island, this technology has been implemented and has the potential to deliver optimized outcomes for patients. Robotic spine surgery is not a substitute for a skilled spine surgeon however, and careful diagnosis, care planning, and surgical execution are still mandatory to deliver the best possible patient outcomes. In this review, we chronicle the history of RSS, outline currently available RSS platforms, describe the efficacy, risks, and complications of RSS procedures, and explain the current and future utilization of RSS in Rhode Island.

Radiomics in Spine Surgery.

Radiomics is an emerging approach to analyze clinical images with the purpose of revealing quantitative features that are unvisible to the naked eye. Radiomic features can be further combined with clinical data and genomic information to formulate prediction models using machine learning algorithms or manual statistical analysis. While radiomics has been classically applied to tumor analysis, there is promising research in its application to spine surgery, including spinal deformity, oncology, and osteoporosis detection. This article reviews the fundamental principles of radiomic analysis, the current literature relating to the spine, and the limitations of this approach.

Does fusion length matter? Total hip arthroplasty dislocation after extension of lumbosacral fusion: a case report.

CASE: Hip-spine syndrome is a complex challenge for orthopedic surgeons. We present a 60-year-old female with a history of spinal fusion and total hip arthroplasty. The patient underwent extension of the previous fusion with sacropelvic fixation, and 5 months later she presented with left posterior prosthetic hip dislocation which required sedation and closed reduction. CONCLUSION: Even with no change in lumbar lordosis or pelvic tilt and adequate acetabular cup position, extension of the fusion construct may predispose patients to dislocation. This may be the result of an increased lever arm acting at the hip joint, thereby leading to instability.

Three-Column Osteotomy for Frail Versus Nonfrail Patients with Adult Spinal Deformity: Assessment of Medical and Surgical Complications, Revision Surgery Rates, and Cost.

BACKGROUND: Three-column osteotomy (3-CO) is a powerful tool for spinal deformity correction but has been associated with substantial risk and surgical invasiveness. It is incompletely understood how frailty might affect patients undergoing 3-CO. METHODS: The PearlDiver database was used to examine spinal deformity patients with a diagnosis of frailty who had undergone 3-CO. Frail and nonfrail patients were matched, and the revision surgery rates, complications, and hospitalization costs were calculated. Logistic regression was used to account for possible confounding variables. Of the 2871 included patients, 1460 had had frailty and 1411 had had no frailty. RESULTS: The frail patients were older, had had more comorbidities (P < 0.001), and were more likely to have undergone posterior interbody fusion (P < 0.05), without differences in the anterior interbody fusion rates. No differences were found in the reoperation rates for ≤5 years. At 30 days, the frail patients were more likely to have experienced acute kidney injury (P = 0.018), bowel/bladder dysfunction (P = 0.014), cardiac complications (P = 0.006), and pneumonia (P = 0.039). At 2 years, the frail patients were also more likely to have experienced bowel/bladder dysfunction (P = 0.028), cardiac complications (P < 0.001), deep vein thrombosis (P = 0.027), and sepsis (P = 0.033). The cost for the procedures was also higher for the frail patients than for the nonfrail patients ($24,544.79 vs. $21,565.63; P = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: We found that frail patients undergoing 3-CO were more likely to experience certain medical complications and had had higher associated costs but similar reoperation rates compared with nonfrail patients. Careful patient selection and surgical strategy modification might alter the risks of medical and surgical complications after 3-CO for frail patients.

County Rurality is Associated with Increased Tumor Size and Decreased Survival in Patients with Ewing Sarcoma.

Background: Ewing Sarcoma (ES) is an aggressive tumor affecting adolescents and young adults. Prior studies investigated the association between rurality and outcomes, although there is a paucity of literature focusing on ES. Objective: This study aims to determine whether ES patients in rural areas are subject to adverse outcomes. Methods: This study utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. A Poisson regression model was used with controls for race, sex, median county income, and age to determine the association between rurality and tumor size. A multivariate Cox Proportional Hazard Model was utilized, controlling for age, race, gender, income, and tumor size. Results: There were 868 patients eligible for analysis, with a mean age of 14.14 years. Of these patients, 97 lived in rural counties (11.18%). Metropolitan areas had a 9.50% smaller tumor size (p<0.0001), compared to non-metropolitan counties. Patients of Black race had a 14.32% larger tumor size (p<0.0001), and male sex was associated with a 15.34% larger tumor size (p<0.0001). The Cox Proportional Hazard model estimated that metropolitan areas had a 36% lower risk of death over time, compared to non-metropolitan areas (HR: 0.64, p ≤ 0.04). Conclusion: Patients in metropolitan areas had a smaller tumor size at time of diagnosis and had a more favorable survival rate for cancer-specific mortality compared to patients residing in rural areas. Further work is needed to examine interventions to reduce this discrepancy and investigate the effect of extremely rural and urban settings and why racial disparities occur.

Utilization of Antibiotic Bone Cement in Spine Surgery: Pearls, Techniques, and Case Review.

Vertebral osteomyelitis (VO) encompasses a spectrum of spinal infections ranging from isolated mild vertebral osteomyelitis to severe diffuse infection with associated epidural abscess and fracture. Although patients can often be treated with an initial course of intravenous antibiotics, surgery is sometimes required in patients with sepsis, spinal instability, neurological compromise, or failed medical treatment. Antibiotic bone cement (ABC) has been widely used in orthopedic extremity surgery for more than 150 years, both for prophylaxis and treatment of bacterial infection. However, relatively little literature exists regarding its utilization in spine surgery. This article describes ABC utilization in orthopedic surgery and explains the technique of ABC utilization in spine surgery. Surgeons can choose from multiple premixed ABCs with variable viscosities, setting times, and antibiotics or can mix in antibiotics to bone cements themselves. ABC can be used to fill large defects in the vertebral body or disc space or in some cases to coat instrumentation. Surgeons should be wary of complications such as ABC extravasation as well as an increased difficulty with revision. With a thorough understanding of the properties of the cement and the methods of delivery, ABC is a powerful adjunct in the treatment of spinal infections.

Longitudinal Assessment of Modern Spine Surgery Training: 10-Year Follow-up of a Nationwide Survey of Residency and Spine Fellowship Program Directors.

Spine surgeons complete training through residency in orthopaedic surgery (ORTH) or neurosurgery (NSGY). A survey was conducted in 2013 to evaluate spine surgery training. Over the past decade, advances in surgical techniques and the changing dynamics in fellowship training may have affected training and program director (PD) perceptions may have shifted. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional survey distributed to all PDs of ORTH and NSGY residencies and spine fellowships in the United States. Participants were queried regarding characteristics of their program, ideal characteristics of residency training, and opinions regarding the current training environment. χ2 tests were used to compare answers over the years. Results: In total, 241 PDs completed the survey. From 2013 to 2023, NSGY increased the proportion of residents with >300 spine cases (86%-100%) while ORTH remained with >90% of residents with < 225 cases (p < 0.05). A greater number of NSGY PDs encouraged spine fellowship even for community spine surgery practice (0% in 2013 vs. 14% in 2023, p < 0.05), which continued to be significantly different from ORTH PDs (∼88% agreed, p > 0.05). 100% of NSGY PDs remained confident in their residents performing spine surgery, whereas ORTH confidence significantly decreased from 43% in 2013 to 25% in 2023 (p < 0.05). For spinal deformity, orthopaedic PDs (92%), NSGY PDs (96%), and fellowship directors (95%), all agreed that a spine fellowship should be pursued (p = 0.99). In both 2013 and 2023, approximately 44% were satisfied with the spine training model in the United States. In 2013, 24% of all PDs believed we should have a dedicated spine residency, which increased to 39% in 2023 (fellowship: 57%, ORTH: 38%, NSGY: 21%) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Spine surgery training continues to evolve, yet ORTH and neurological surgery training remains significantly different in case volumes and educational strengths. In both 2013 and 2023, less than 50% of PDs were satisfied with the current spine surgery training model, and a growing minority believe that spine surgery should have its own residency training pathway. Level of Evidence: IV.

Adult Spinal Deformity Correction in Patients with Parkinson Disease: Assessment of Surgical Complications, Reoperation, and Cost.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that manifests with postural instability and gait imbalance. Correction of spinal deformity in patients with PD presents unique challenges. METHODS: The PearlDiver database was queried between 2010 and 2020 to identify adult patients with spinal deformity before undergoing deformity correction with posterior spinal fusion. Two cohorts were created representing patients with and without a preoperative diagnosis of PD. Outcome measures included reoperation rates, surgical technique, cost, surgical complications, and medical complications. Multivariable logistic regression adjusting for Charlson Comorbidity Index, age, gender, 3-column osteotomy, pelvic fixation, and number of levels fused was used to assess rates of reoperation and complications. RESULTS: In total, 26,984 patients met the inclusion criteria and were retained for analysis. Of these patients, 725 had a diagnosis of PD before deformity correction. Patients with PD underwent higher rates of pelvic fixation (odds ratio [OR], 1.33; P < 0.001) and 3-column osteotomies (OR, 1.53; P < 0.001). On adjusted regression, patients with PD showed increased rates of reoperation at 1 year (OR, 1.37; P < 0.001), 5 years (OR, 1.32; P < 0.001), and overall (OR, 1.33; P < 0.001). Patients with PD also experienced an increased rate of medical complications within 30 days after deformity correction including deep venous thrombosis (OR, 1.60; P = 0.021), pneumonia (OR, 1.44; P = 0.039), and urinary tract infections (OR, 1.54; P < 0.001). Deformity correction in patients with PD was associated with higher 90-day cost (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with PD undergoing long fusion for deformity correction are at significantly increased risk of 30-day medical complications and revision procedures after 1 year, controlling for comorbidities, age, and invasiveness. Surgeons should consider the risk of complications, subsequent revision procedures, and increased cost.