Innovative Refractive Index Sensor Utilizing Terahertz Spectrum for Early Cancer Detection: a Photonic Crystal Fiber Approach.

In this article, we have presented a new cancer sensor with a square core Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) to detect the cancerous tissues of the cervix, breast, and skin. This process is thus streamlined and separated by PCF due to its excellent detection characteristics. All required configurations using the finite element method are developed, and various performances of the model are studied using MATLAB. The results depict a mathematical analysis regarding the effectiveness of the sensor within the frequency range of 1.0-2.8 THz. Its relative sensitivity becomes around 99.85% at 2.2 THz with 8.49 × 10-14 dB/m for CL. This PCF has a spot size 3.06 × 10-4 µm that further contributes an effective area of 9.078 × 10-8 m2. Moreover, it has a very small EML of 0.00182 cm-1. This device uses the unique photonic properties of cancer cells to provide quick, reliable, and really very accurate methods for cancer cell identification, such as in breast, cervical, and skin cancers. Due to small size and flexibility, only minimally invasive operations are possible. Real-time monitoring can also be provided, hence improving immediate evaluation and therapy efficacy. This article introduces a novel integration of PCF technology with THz radiation to create a highly sensitive sensor for early cancer detection. By utilizing THz waves' non-invasive and high-resolution properties, this sensor overcomes the sensitivity limitations of traditional methods. It also addresses scattering issues from conventional air hole shapes through optimized geometric configurations, setting a new standard in biomedical sensing and potentially revolutionizing early cancer diagnostics.

Development and Enhancement of PCF-based Sensors for Terahertz-frequency Region Breast Cancer Cell Detection.

In today's medical research, breast cancer is a severe problem, so it is imperative to develop a reliable and efficient approach for identifying cancerous breast cells. PCF, with its exceptional sense-making abilities, simplifies and distinguishes that procedure. The research presents a unique structural hybrid PCF for detecting breast cancer cells using sensors based on PCF that are specifically built for the terahertz-frequency range. The improvement in sensor sensitivity and specificity in identifying cancer cells at these frequencies is a notable progress compared to conventional approaches, which could potentially result in earlier and more precise diagnosis. In our analysis, we discovered the most common malignancies in breast cancer. We investigate the features of the cancerous cell detector using the COMSOL-Multiphysics 5.6 software. This PCF detector achieves a Confinement Loss of 4.75 × 10-12 and 3.42 × 10-13 dB/m for Type-1 and Type-2 cancer cells, respectively, at 1.2 THz, as well as about 99.946% and 99.969% relative sensitivity. This sensor ensures the highest level of sensitivity for the identification of cancerous breast cells. This sensor's physical architecture is quite straightforward, making it simple to build using current manufacturing techniques. Therefore, it seems that this sensor will pave a new path for identifying and treating cancerous cells.

Harnessing THz Technology: Biosensor for Highly Accurate Cervical Cancer Cell Detection via Refractive Index.

In order to rapidly identify various species of cancer cells in the tissues of person, a unique diamond shaped hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-formed by optical waveform is developed and computationally studied. In this investigation, we found the most prevalent cancers, such as HeLa-derived cervical carcinoma. Since normal and cancer cells differ in their refractive indices (RIs), other significant optical properties can be assessed using this information. With the use of the finite element method, a computational tool for solving simultaneous equations, the defining characteristics the suggested cancer cell sensor are examined using COMSOL-Multiphysics software. Additionally, strict mesh parts are used to preserve the utmost level of modeling realism. At 2.4 THz, the PCF detector attains a Relative Sensitivity of around 97.51% and 96.29%, Confinement Loss of 6.1 × 10 -09db/m and 4.39 × 10-07db/m with respect to cervical carcinoma cell and cervical normal cell. The straightforward PCF structure provides a wide chance of application using the continuing fabrication technique, based on these conventional values of performance indices. This biosensor utilizes the distinctive refractive characteristics of cancer cells, providing a highly accurate and dependable approach for the early identification of cervical cancer. This has the potential to significantly transform the process of cervical cancer screening. The novel method boosts the ability to detect and identify certain conditions, leading to increased diagnostic capabilities for early treatment and better results for patients.

Hypoglycemic effect of Catharanthus roseus in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

The effects of crude juice (at 0.5 and 1 ml/kg b.w.) and aqueous extract (at 0.30 and 0.45 gm/kg b.w.) of leaves of Catharanthus roseus on serum glucose level in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats were examined at 8 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours following single oral administration. The administration of crude juice at 1 ml/kg b.w. continued for another 9 doses (total 10 single morning doses given) and its effect was examined on the 4th and 11th day. The rats were made diabetic by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at 45 mg/kg b.w. Glibenclamide was used in the study for comparison. The crude leaf juice at 0.5 and 1 ml/kg b.w. reduced the serum glucose level in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats throughout the 24-hour period significantly (P varies between 0.05 and 0.001 at different times). The aqueous extract at 0.30 and 0.45 gm/kg reduced the serum glucose level in streptozotocin diabetic rats at 8 and 12 hour significantly (P varies between 0.05 to 0.01 at different times) but not at the 24 hour. Glibenclamide, at 500 mug/kg, also reduced the serum glucose level in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats throughout the 24-hour period (P<0.001). The crude leaf juice at 1 ml/kg also significantly reduced the serum glucose level in the streptozotocin induced diabetic rats on the 4th and 11th day (P<0.001 on both occasions). The effect of crude leaf juice at 1 ml/kg b.w administered daily orally over a 10 day period was also examined on a group of normal rats at different times. The study showed significant reduction at 8 hr (P<0.05), 12 hr, 24 hr and on the 4th day (P<0.01 on these 3 occasions) and also on the 11th day (P<0.001).

An Examination of Some Factors which Influence the Stability of in Vitro Platelet Responses.

Platelet sensitivity to ADP and adrenaline was determined after storage of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) under various conditions to establish those yielding optimal platelet stability. The effects of the exclusion of air from the storage syringes, temperature, PRP dilution and duration of storage were tested. Storage at room temperature (22° C) in the absence of air stabilised PRP pH over 24 h and stabilised platelet sensitivity to ADP up to 4 h. Storage at 4°C and 13 C caused platelet activation and eventually spontaneous aggregation, as evidenced by significant reductions in platelet counts. Samples stored at 37° C were less responsive to ADP and adrenaline than samples maintained at 22 C. Platelet count adjustment to 200 × 10(9)/L reduced platelet sensitivity as reflected by increased agonist EC(50) values and threshold concentrations. Positive correlations between agonist EC(50) values (and between threshold concentrations) for diluted and undiluted samples were obtained, indicating that platelet count adjustment did not affect the ranking order of platelet sensitivity within the subject group. No correlations between platelet count and indices of platelet sensitivity were seen suggesting that differences in platelet aggregation arise from intrinsic differences in platelet sensitivity rather than differences in platelet count. With time of storage the responses to ADP (EC(50) and threshold concentration) and adrenaline (EC(50)) declined to a greater extent for undiluted PRP than for diluted PRP. No changes in the platelet-poor plasma concentrations of the dense granular component, serotonin, occurred in diluted or undiluted samples over 24 h. We conclude that in order to ensure optimal stability of platelets, PRP should be stored at room temperature (22°C) in the absence of air and tested within 4 h of preparation. A decision on platelet count adjustment is also required dependent upon the experimental objectives.