A photophoretic-trap volumetric display.

Free-space volumetric displays, or displays that create luminous image points in space, are the technology that most closely resembles the three-dimensional displays of popular fiction. Such displays are capable of producing images in 'thin air' that are visible from almost any direction and are not subject to clipping. Clipping restricts the utility of all three-dimensional displays that modulate light at a two-dimensional surface with an edge boundary; these include holographic displays, nanophotonic arrays, plasmonic displays, lenticular or lenslet displays and all technologies in which the light scattering surface and the image point are physically separate. Here we present a free-space volumetric display based on photophoretic optical trapping that produces full-colour graphics in free space with ten-micrometre image points using persistence of vision. This display works by first isolating a cellulose particle in a photophoretic trap created by spherical and astigmatic aberrations. The trap and particle are then scanned through a display volume while being illuminated with red, green and blue light. The result is a three-dimensional image in free space with a large colour gamut, fine detail and low apparent speckle. This platform, named the Optical Trap Display, is capable of producing image geometries that are currently unobtainable with holographic and light-field technologies, such as long-throw projections, tall sandtables and 'wrap-around' displays.

Impact of white-tailed deer on the spread of Borrelia burgdorferi.

There is a public perception that the white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) is the main reservoir supporting the maintenance and spread of the causative agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi. This study examines the pathogen prevalence rate of Borrelia in adult Ixodes scapularis (Ixodida: Ixodidae), the black-legged tick, collected from white-tailed deer and compares it with pathogen prevalence rates in adult ticks gathered by dragging vegetation in two contiguous counties west of the Hudson Valley in upstate New York. In both Broome and Chenango Counties, attached and unattached ticks harvested from white-tailed deer had significantly lower prevalences of B. burgdorferi than those collected from vegetation. No attached ticks on deer (n = 148) in either county, and only 2.4 and 7.3% of unattached ticks (n = 389) in Broome and Chenango Counties, respectively, were harbouring the pathogen. This contrasts with the finding that 40.8% of ticks in Broome County and 46.8% of ticks in Chenango County collected from vegetation harboured the pathogen. These data suggest that a mechanism in white-tailed deer may aid in clearing the pathogen from attached deer ticks, although white-tailed deer do contribute to the spatial distribution of deer tick populations and also serve as deadend host breeding sites for ticks.

Data compression of the kanji character patterns digitized on the hexagonal mesh.

This correspondence describes new two-stage data compression algorithms of Kanji character patterns digitized on the hexagonal mesh. One third of the pattern elements are stored, and an additional small amount of data is used to correct effors in the recovered pattern. A data reduction of 60 percent has been achieved.

'Don't call me sweetie!' Patients differ from nurses in their perceptions of caring.

Effective nursing care relies on congruent nurse-patient perception of needs. This study used Q methodology to compare nurses' and patients' perceptions of important nursing care behaviour. Q methodology applies statistical analysis to qualitative data through a technique of comparative rating using a forced choice format. The Care Q Sort, comprising fifty statements of nursing behaviour, was administered to nurses and patients from medical wards. Participants ranked the nursing behaviours from most to least important. Analysis was completed on 74 rankings. There was agreement for many behaviours but bimodal distributions for nurses' scores for some statements which may be attributable to different professional levels. An additional open comments section provided an experiential dimension to the research results. The findings will inform nursing practice and patient care planning.

A procedure for stabilization of the proximal segment after vertical osteotomy of the mandibular ramus for apertognathia and micrognathia.

A supplemental technique has been presented for stabilization of the proximal segments after bilateral oblique osteotomies of the mandibular rami for the treatment of micrognathia and apertognathia. This procedure stabilizes the condylar segments in all planes. Since the medial plate of bone is not violated in creating the depression, it acts as a medial stop while the rest of it prevents the condyle from moving inferiorly and anteriorly. The wire prevents movement of the condyle laterally and posteriorly.

Ameloblastoma of the anterior maxillae.

Few generalizations may be made about the ameloblastoma. Its many varied characteristics may mimic those of many other lesions. The case presented, against all odds and expectations, proved to be highly infiltrative. The use of all available information for accurate diagnosis and sound treatment is stressed. Block resection was found to be the best treatment assuring no recurrence and minimal deformity.