Associations among hearing loss, hospitalization, readmission and mortality in older adults: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Older adults with hearing loss face many challenges impacting health outcomes. The objective of this review was to evaluate current evidence for associations among hearing loss, hospitalizations, readmissions and mortality in older adults living with hearing loss. METHODS: A systematic search, of PubMed, CINAHL and Embase was performed in October 2018. Studies that were included consisted of populations aged 50 and older, publications after 2004, clearly defined hearing loss measurements, and non-aggregated, appropriate outcome variables. We excluded deafness, specified hearing losses, and cochlear implant users. RESULTS: Fifteen mortality studies, four hospitalization studies, and one readmission study were identified. After adjustments, three mortality, three hospitalization, and the one readmission study found significant associations. DISCUSSION: Hearing loss was associated with an increased risk of hospitalizations, readmission and mortality. However, there is insufficient evidence to support that hearing loss is independently associated to increased risk of these outcomes.

Sex-related differences in the prevalence of cognitive impairment among overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes.

INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity may increase risks for cognitive decline as individuals age. It is unknown whether this results in different prevalences of cognitive impairment for women and men. METHODS: The Action for Health in Diabetes, a randomized controlled clinical trial of a 10-year intensive lifestyle intervention, adjudicated cases of cross-sectional cognitive impairment (mild cognitive impairment or dementia) 10-13 years after enrollment in 3802 individuals (61% women). RESULTS: The cross-sectional prevalences of cognitive impairment were 8.3% (women) and 14.8% (men): adjusted odds ratio 0.55, 95% confidence interval [0.43, 0.71], P < .001. Demographic, clinical, and lifestyle risk factors varied between women and men but did not account for this difference, which was limited to individuals without apolipoprotein E (APOE)-ε4 alleles (interaction P = .034). CONCLUSIONS: Among overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, traditional risk factors did not account for the lower prevalence of cognitive impairment observed in women compared with men.

Chronic wound repair and healing in older adults: current status and future research.

The incidence of chronic wounds is increased among older adults, and the impact of chronic wounds on quality of life is particularly profound in this population. It is well established that wound healing slows with age. However, the basic biology underlying chronic wounds and the influence of age-associated changes on wound healing are poorly understood. Most studies have used in vitro approaches and various animal models, but observed changes translate poorly to human healing conditions. The impact of age and accompanying multi-morbidity on the effectiveness of existing and emerging treatment approaches for chronic wounds is also unknown, and older adults tend to be excluded from randomized clinical trials. Poorly defined outcomes and variables, lack of standardization in data collection, and variations in the definition, measurement, and treatment of wounds also hamper clinical studies. The Association of Specialty Professors, in conjunction with the National Institute on Aging and the Wound Healing Society, held a workshop, summarized in this paper, to explore the current state of knowledge and research challenges, engage investigators across disciplines, and identify key research questions to guide future study of age-associated changes in chronic wound healing.

Acute kidney injury in older adults.

Aging kidneys undergo structural and functional changes that decrease autoregulatory capacity and increase susceptibility to acute injury. Acute kidney injury associates with duration and location of hospitalization, mortality risk, progression to chronic kidney disease, and functional status in daily living. Definition and diagnosis of acute kidney injury are based on changes in creatinine, which is an inadequate marker and might identify patients when it is too late. The incidence of acute kidney injury is rising and increases with advancing age, yet clinical studies have been slow to address geriatric issues or the heterogeneity in etiologies, outcomes, or patient preferences among the elderly. Here we examine some of the current literature, identify knowledge gaps, and suggest potential research questions regarding acute kidney injury in older adults. Answering these questions will facilitate the integration of geriatric issues into future mechanistic and clinical studies that affect management and care of acute kidney injury.

Prediction, progression, and outcomes of chronic kidney disease in older adults.

Chronic kidney disease is a large and growing problem among aging populations. Although progression of chronic kidney disease to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a costly and important clinical event with substantial morbidity, it appears less frequently in aging people compared with cardiovascular mortality. The measurement of kidney function and management of kidney disease in older individuals remain challenging, partly because the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying age-related decline in kidney function, the interactions between age and other risk factors in renal progression, and the associations of chronic kidney disease with other comorbidities in older people are understudied and poorly understood. The Association of Specialty Professors, the American Society of Nephrology, the American Geriatrics Society, the National Institute on Aging, and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases held a workshop, summarized in this article, to review what is known about chronic kidney disease, identify research gaps and resources available to address them, and identify priority areas for future research. Answers to emerging research questions will support the integration of geriatrics and nephrology and thus improve care for older patients at risk for chronic kidney disease.

Chief to Chief: Reflections on Cultivating the Next Generation of Geriatrics Program Leaders.

What does it take to successfully lead a Division of Geriatrics? Is it the same skill set today as it was two or three decades ago? Is it the same for each chief, given the wide spectrum of geriatrics programs across our nation? Early leaders in our field showcased and role-modeled the career and job satisfaction that accompanies leadership of traditional geriatrics academic programs. This has been well articulated in past issues of the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society in articles by Dr William Hazzard and Dr Greg Sachs. How can we develop the next generation of geriatrics program leaders and ensure their success? Developed as a conversation between three generations of geriatrics division chiefs, this reflective article offers a shared perspective on what is required for success in advancing as a leader in our field and wholeheartedly enjoying the best job in the world.

Aging and infectious diseases: workshop on HIV infection and aging: what is known and future research directions.

Highly active antiretroviral treatment has resulted in dramatically increased life expectancy among patients with HIV infection who are now aging while receiving treatment and are at risk of developing chronic diseases associated with advanced age. Similarities between aging and the courses of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome suggest that HIV infection compresses the aging process, perhaps accelerating comorbidities and frailty. In a workshop organized by the Association of Specialty Professors, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the HIV Medical Association, the National Institute on Aging, and the National Institute on Allergy and Infectious Diseases, researchers in infectious diseases, geriatrics, immunology, and gerontology met to review what is known about HIV infection and aging, to identify research gaps, and to suggest high priority topics for future research. Answers to the questions posed are likely to help prioritize and balance strategies to slow the progression of HIV infection, to address comorbidities and drug toxicity, and to enhance understanding about both HIV infection and aging.

Physicians Report Sleep Apnea Infrequently in Older and Older Vulnerable Adults.

OBJECTIVES: To determine how often outpatient physician visits detect sleep apnea (SA) in older persons in the United States. DESIGN: Retrospective Analysis. SETTING: US non hospital and hospital based clinics. PARTICIPANTS: US physicians. MEASUREMENTS: National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data from 1993 to 2011 were used to assess the frequency of physicians' coding diagnoses of SA in persons aged 65 and older. Which specialties are most likely to report SA, the most-common comorbid conditions reported with SA, and the likelihood of reporting SA in patient visits for dementia and preoperative care were assessed. RESULTS: From 1993 to 2011, physicians reported SA in 0.3% of all office visits in persons aged 65 and older. SA reported in visits increased from 130,000 in 1993 to 2,070,000 in 2011, with an annual per capita visit reporting rate of 0.07% to 0.74%. In older populations, the proportion of documented SA visits by specialists rose, and that of primary care providers decreased. Older adults with a diagnosis of SA had higher average number of comorbidities than those without SA (1.8 vs 1.3). Reporting SA was low in visits with a diagnosis of dementia and classified as a preoperative visits. CONCLUSION: In two nationwide surveys, SA reporting by physicians in elderly adults was 16 as greater in 2001 as in 1993, although reporting of SA remains infrequent (<1% of visits) even in vulnerable populations.

Aging, the Medical Subspecialties, and Career Development: Where We Were, Where We Are Going.

Historically, the medical subspecialties have not focused on the needs of older adults. This has changed with the implementation of initiatives to integrate geriatrics and aging research into the medical and surgical subspecialties and with the establishment of a home for internal medicine specialists within the annual American Geriatrics Society (AGS) meeting. With the support of AGS, other professional societies, philanthropies, and federal agencies, efforts to integrate geriatrics into the medical and surgical subspecialties have focused largely on training the next generation of physicians and researchers. They have engaged several subspecialties, which have followed parallel paths in integrating geriatrics and aging research. As a result of these combined efforts, there has been enormous progress in the integration of geriatrics and aging research into the medical and surgical subspecialties, and topics once considered to be geriatric concerns are becoming mainstream in medicine, but this integration remains a work in progress and will need to adapt to changes associated with healthcare reform.

Effect of statins on Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid.

BACKGROUND: Treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors ("statins") has been variably associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in epidemiologic studies and reduced amyloid-beta (Abeta) deposition in animal models of AD. Putative neuroprotective effects of statins may vary in relation to their ability to penetrate into the central nervous system (CNS). METHODS: We measured levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers following 14 weeks of treatment with simvastatin (a CNS permeant statin; n=10) at 40 mg/day or pravastatin (a CNS impermeant statin; n=13) at 80 mg/day in hypercholesterolemic subjects without dementia. RESULTS: Simvastatin, but not pravastatin, reduced CSF levels of phospho-tau-181 (p-tau181) in all subjects. There were no differences in CSF levels of total tau, Abeta42, Abeta40, soluble amyloid beta protein precursor (sAbetaPP) alpha or beta, or F2-isoprostanes. CONCLUSIONS: Statins may modulate the phosphorylation of tau in humans and this effect may depend on the CNS availability of the statin. These results suggest another mechanism by which statins may act to reduce the risk of AD.

Statin use and the risk of incident dementia: the Cardiovascular Health Study.

BACKGROUND: Statins (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors) reduce cardiovascular risk through mechanisms that might affect the development of dementia. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether statin use is associated with a lower risk of dementia compared with never use of lipid-lowering agents (LLAs). DESIGN: Cohort study of community-dwelling adults 65 years and older. The analysis included 2798 participants free of dementia at baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, we estimated the risk of incident all-cause and type-specific dementia associated with time-dependent statin therapy compared with never use of LLAs. The primary analyses incorporated a 1-year lag between exposure and outcome. Secondary analyses included the final year of exposure and modeled statin use as current use vs nonuse to simulate a case-control approach. RESULTS: Compared with never use of LLAs, ever use of statins was not associated with the risk of all-cause dementia (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77-1.52), Alzheimer disease alone (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.76-1.91), mixed Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.44-1.72), or vascular dementia alone (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 0.61-3.06). In contrast, in secondary analyses, current use of statins compared with nonuse of LLAs was associated with HRs of 0.69 (95% CI, 0.46-1.02) for all-cause dementia and 0.56 (95% CI, 0.35-0.92) for any Alzheimer disease. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort study, statin therapy was not associated with a decreased risk of dementia. Methodological differences may explain why results of this cohort investigation differ from those of prior case-control studies. Additional investigation is needed to determine whether and for whom statin use may affect dementia risk.

Chronic wound repair and healing in older adults: current status and future research.

Older adults are more likely to have chronic wounds than younger people, and the effect of chronic wounds on quality of life is particularly profound in this population. Wound healing slows with age, but the basic biology underlying chronic wounds and the influence of age-associated changes on wound healing are poorly understood. Most studies have used in vitro approaches and various animal models, but observed changes translate poorly to human healing conditions. The effect of age and accompanying multimorbidity on the effectiveness of existing and emerging treatment approaches for chronic wounds is also unknown, and older adults tend to be excluded from randomized clinical trials. Poorly defined outcomes and variables; lack of standardization in data collection; and variations in the definition, measurement, and treatment of wounds also hamper clinical studies. The Association of Specialty Professors, in conjunction with the National Institute on Aging and the Wound Healing Society, held a workshop, summarized in this article, to explore the current state of knowledge and research challenges, engage investigators across disciplines, and identify research questions to guide future study of age-associated changes in chronic wound healing.

Diabetes and cardiovascular disease in older adults: current status and future directions.

The prevalence of diabetes increases with age, driven in part by an absolute increase in incidence among adults aged 65 years and older. Individuals with diabetes are at higher risk for cardiovascular disease, and age strongly predicts cardiovascular complications. Inflammation and oxidative stress appear to play some role in the mechanisms underlying aging, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other complications of diabetes. However, the mechanisms underlying the age-associated increase in risk for diabetes and diabetes-related cardiovascular disease remain poorly understood. Moreover, because of the heterogeneity of the older population, a lack of understanding of the biology of aging, and inadequate study of the effects of treatments on traditional complications and geriatric conditions associated with diabetes, no consensus exists on the optimal interventions for older diabetic adults. The Association of Specialty Professors, along with the National Institute on Aging, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and the American Diabetes Association, held a workshop, summarized in this Perspective, to discuss current knowledge regarding diabetes and cardiovascular disease in older adults, identify gaps, and propose questions to guide future research.