Neonatal lethality of mouse A/J-7SM consomic strain is caused by an insertion mutation in the Dchs1 gene.

Homosomic mice of the A/J-7SM consomic mouse strain that introduced the entire chromosome 7 (Chr 7) of SM/J into the A/J strain exhibited neonatal lethality. We tentatively maintained segregating inbred strains (A/J-7ASM and A/J-7DSM) in which the central portion of Chr 7 was heterozygous for the A/J and SM/J strains, and the centromeric and telomeric sides of Chr 7 were homozygous for the SM/J strain, instead of the A/J-7SM strain. Based on the chromosomal constitution of Chr 7 in A/J-7ASM and A/J-7DSM mice, the causative gene for neonatal lethality in homosomic mice was suggested to be located within an approximately 1.620 Mb region between D7Mit125 (104.879 Mb) and D7Mit355 (106.499 Mb) on Chr 7. RT-PCR analysis revealed that homosomic mice lacked dachsous cadherin-related 1 (Dchs1), which is located within the D7Mit125 to D7Mit355 region and functions in the regulation of planar cell polarity. Screening for mutations in Dchs1 indicated that homosomic mice possessed an early transposable (ETn)-like sequence in intron 1 of Dchs1. Moreover, an allelism test between Dchs1 ETn-like-insertion alleles detected in homosomic mice and CRISPR/Cas9-induced Dchs1 deletion alleles revealed that Dchs1 is a causative gene for neonatal lethality in homosomic mice. Based on these results, we concluded that in the A/J-7SM strain, ETn-like elements were inserted into intron 1 of SM/J-derived Dchs1 during strain development, which dramatically reduced Dchs1 expression, thus resulting in neonatal lethality in homosomic mice. Additionally, it was suggested that the timing of lethality in Dchs1 mutant mice is influenced by the genetic background.

Type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes on mouse chromosome 11 under high sucrose environment.

BACKGROUND: Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to type 2 diabetes development. We used consomic mice established from an animal type 2 diabetes model to identify susceptibility genes that contribute to type 2 diabetes development under specific environments. We previously established consomic strains (C3H-Chr 11NSY and C3H-Chr 14NSY) that possess diabetogenic Chr 11 or 14 of the Nagoya-Shibata-Yasuda (NSY) mouse, an animal model of spontaneous type 2 diabetes, in the genetic background of C3H mice. To search genes contribute to type 2 diabetes under specific environment, we first investigated whether sucrose administration deteriorates type 2 diabetes-related traits in the consomic strains. We dissected loci on Chr 11 by establishing congenic strains possessing different segments of NSY-derived Chr 11 under sucrose administration. RESULTS: In C3H-Chr 11NSY mice, sucrose administration for 10 weeks deteriorated hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and impaired insulin secretion, which is comparable to NSY mice with sucrose. In C3H-Chr 14NSY mice, sucrose administration induced glucose intolerance, but not insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. To dissect the gene(s) existing on Chr 11 for sucrose-induced type 2 diabetes, we constructed four novel congenic strains (R1, R2, R3, and R4) with different segments of NSY-derived Chr 11 in C3H mice. R2 mice showed marked glucose intolerance and impaired insulin secretion comparable to C3H-Chr 11NSY mice. R3 and R4 mice also showed impaired insulin secretion. R4 mice showed significant decreases in white adipose tissue, which is in the opposite direction from parental C3H-Chr 11NSY and NSY mice. None of the four congenic strains showed insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Genes on mouse Chr 11 could explain glucose intolerance, impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance in NSY mice under sucrose administration. Congenic mapping with high sucrose environment localized susceptibility genes for type 2 diabetes associated with impaired insulin secretion in the middle segment (26.0-63.4 Mb) of Chr 11. Gene(s) that decrease white adipose tissue were mapped to the distal segment of Chr 11. The identification of diabetogenic gene on Chr 11 in the future study will facilitate precision medicine in type 2 diabetes by controlling specific environments in targeted subjects with susceptible genotypes.

Congenic mapping and candidate gene analysis for streptozotocin-induced diabetes susceptibility locus on mouse chromosome 11.

Streptozotocin (STZ) has been widely used to induce diabetes in rodents. Strain-dependent variation in susceptibility to STZ has been reported; however, the gene(s) responsible for STZ susceptibility has not been identified. Here, we utilized the A/J-11SM consomic strain and a set of chromosome 11 (Chr. 11) congenic strains developed from A/J-11SM to identify a candidate STZ-induced diabetes susceptibility gene. The A/J strain exhibited significantly higher susceptibility to STZ-induced diabetes than the A/J-11SM strain, confirming the existence of a susceptibility locus on Chr. 11. We named this locus Stzds1 (STZ-induced diabetes susceptibility 1). Congenic mapping using the Chr. 11 congenic strains indicated that the Stzds1 locus was located between D11Mit163 (27.72 Mb) and D11Mit51 (36.39 Mb). The Mpg gene, which encodes N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG), a ubiquitous DNA repair enzyme responsible for the removal of alkylated base lesions in DNA, is located within the Stzds1 region. There is a close relationship between DNA alkylation at an early stage of STZ action and the function of MPG. A Sanger sequence analysis of the Mpg gene revealed five polymorphic sites in the A/J genome. One variant, p.Ala132Ser, was located in a highly conserved region among rodent species and in the minimal region for retained enzyme activity of MPG. It is likely that structural alteration of MPG caused by the p.Ala132Ser mutation elicits increased recognition and excision of alkylated base lesions in DNA by STZ.

Genetic dissection of the fatty liver QTL Fl1sa by using congenic mice and identification of candidate genes in the liver and epididymal fat.

BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multifactorial disease caused by interactions between environmental and genetic factors. The SMXA-5 mouse is a high-fat diet-induced fatty liver model established from SM/J and A/J strains. We have previously identified Fl1sa, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for fatty liver on chromosome 12 (centromere-53.06 Mb) of SMXA-5 mice. However, the chromosomal region containing Fl1sa was too broad. The aim of this study was to narrow the Fl1sa region by genetic dissection using novel congenic mice and to identify candidate genes within the narrowed Fl1sa region. RESULTS: We established two congenic strains, R2 and R3, from parental A/J-12SM and A/J strains. R2 and R3 strains have genomic intervals of centromere-29.20 Mb and 29.20-46.75 Mb of chromosome 12 derived from SM/J, respectively. Liver triglyceride content in R2 and R3 mice was significantly lower than that in A/J mice fed with a high-fat diet for 7 weeks. This result suggests that at least one of the genes responsible for fatty liver exists within the two chromosomal regions centromere-29.20 Mb (R2) and 29.20-46.75 Mb (R3). We found that liver triglyceride accumulation is inversely correlated with epididymal fat weight among the parental and congenic strains. Therefore, the ectopic fat accumulation in the liver may be due to organ-organ interactions between the liver and epididymal fat. To identify candidate genes in Fl1sa, we performed a DNA microarray analysis using the liver and epididymal fat in A/J and A/J-12SM mice fed with a high-fat diet for 7 weeks. In epididymal fat, mRNA levels of Zfp125 (in R2) and Nrcam (in R3) were significantly different in A/J-12SM mice from those in A/J mice. In the liver, mRNA levels of Iah1 (in R2) and Rrm2 (in R2) were significantly different in A/J-12SM mice from those in A/J mice. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, using congenic mice analysis, we narrowed the chromosomal region containing Fl1sa to two regions of mouse chromosome 12. We then identified 4 candidate genes in Fl1sa: Iah1 and Rrm2 from the liver and Zfp125 and Nrcam from epididymal fat.

Detection of differentially expressed candidate genes for a fatty liver QTL on mouse chromosome 12.

BACKGROUND: The SMXA-5 mouse is an animal model of high-fat diet-induced fatty liver. The major QTL for fatty liver, Fl1sa on chromosome 12, was identified in a SM/J × SMXA-5 intercross. The SMXA-5 genome consists of the SM/J and A/J genomes, and the A/J allele of Fl1sa is a fatty liver-susceptibility allele. The existence of the responsible genes for fatty liver within Fl1sa was confirmed in A/J-12(SM) consomic mice. The aim of this study was to identify candidate genes for Fl1sa, and to investigate whether the identified genes affect the lipid metabolism. RESULTS: A/J-12(SM) mice showed a significantly lower liver triglyceride content compared to A/J mice when fed the high-fat diet for 7 weeks. We detected differences in the accumulation of liver lipids in response to the high-fat diet between A/J and A/J-12(SM) consomic mice. To identify candidate genes for Fl1sa, we performed DNA microarray analysis using the livers of A/J-12(SM) and A/J mice fed the high-fat diet. The mRNA levels of three genes (Iah1, Rrm2, Prkd1) in the chromosomal region of Fl1sa were significantly different between the strains. Iah1 mRNA levels in the liver, kidney, and lung were significantly higher in A/J-12(SM) mice than in A/J mice. The hepatic Iah1 mRNA level in A/J-12(SM) mice was 3.2-fold higher than that in A/J mice. To examine the effect of Iah1 on hepatic lipid metabolism, we constructed a stable cell line expressing the mouse Iah1 protein in mouse hepatoma Hepa1-6 cells. Overexpression of Iah1 in Hepa1-6 cells suppressed the mRNA levels of Cd36 and Dgat2, which play important roles in triglyceride synthesis and lipid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that Fl1sa on the proximal region of chromosome 12 affected fatty liver in mice on a high-fat diet. Iah1 (isoamyl acetate-hydrolyzing esterase 1 homolog) was identified as one of the candidate genes for Fl1sa. This study revealed that the mouse Iah1 gene regulated the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in the liver.

Ascorbic acid deficiency decreases hepatic cytochrome P-450, especially CYP2B1/2B2, and simultaneously induces heme oxygenase-1 gene expression in scurvy-prone ODS rats.

The mechanisms underlying the decrease in hepatic cytochrome P-450 (CYP) content in ascorbic acid deficiency was investigated in scurvy-prone ODS rats. First, male ODS rats were fed a diet containing sufficient ascorbic acid (control) or a diet without ascorbic acid (deficient) for 18 days, with or without the intraperitoneal injection of phenobarbital. Ascorbic acid deficiency decreased hepatic microsomal total CYP content, CYP2B1/2B2 protein, and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COX) complex IV subunit I protein, and simultaneously increased heme oxygenase-1 protein in microsomes and mitochondria. Next, heme oxygenase-1 inducers, that is lipopolysaccharide and hemin, were administered to phenobaribital-treated ODS rats fed sufficient ascorbic acid. The administration of these inducers decreased hepatic microsomal total CYP content, CYP2B1/2B2 protein, and mitochondrial COX complex IV subunit I protein. These results suggested that the stimulation of hepatic heme oxygenase-1 expression by ascorbic acid deficiency caused the decrease in CYP content in liver.

Vitamin C deficiency alters the transcriptome of the rat brain in a glucocorticoid-dependent manner, leading to microglial activation and reduced neurogenesis.

Vitamin C (VitC) is maintained at high concentrations in the brain and is an essential micronutrient for brain function. VitC deficiency leads to neuropsychiatric scurvy, which is characterized by depression and cognitive impairment. However, the molecular mechanism by which mild VitC deficiency impairs brain function is currently unknown. In the present study, we conducted RNA sequencing analysis and found that a short-term VitC deficiency altered the brain transcriptome in ODS rats, which cannot synthesize VitC. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that VitC deficiency affected the expression of genes controlled by the glucocorticoid receptor in the brain. We confirmed an increased secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland during VitC deficiency. We found that non-neuronal cells, including microglia, which are resident immune cells in the brain, changed their transcriptional patterns in response to VitC deficiency. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the quiescent ramified microglia transform into the activated amoeboid microglia during three weeks of VitC deficiency. The morphological activation of microglia was accompanied by increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 in the hippocampus. Furthermore, VitC deficiency decreased the number of newly born neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, suggesting that VitC was required for adult neurogenesis that plays a crucial role in learning and memory. Our findings may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the maintenance of normal brain function by adequate levels of VitC.

FcRY is a key molecule controlling maternal blood IgY transfer to yolks during egg development in avian species.

Maternal immunoglobulin transfer plays a key role in conferring passive immunity to neonates. Maternal blood immunoglobulin Y (IgY) in avian species is transported to newly-hatched chicks in two steps: 1) IgY is transported from the maternal circulation to the yolk of maturing oocytes, 2) the IgY deposited in yolk is transported to the circulation of the embryo via the yolk sac membrane. An IgY-Fc receptor, FcRY, is involved in the second step, but the mechanism of the first step is still unclear. We determined whether FcRY was also the basis for maternal blood IgY transfer to the yolk in the first step during egg development. Immunohistochemistry revealed that FcRY was expressed in the capillary endothelial cells in the internal theca layer of the ovarian follicle. Substitution of the amino acid residue in Fc region of IgY substantially changed the transport efficiency of IgY into egg yolks when intravenously-injected into laying quail; the G365A mutant had a high transport efficiency, but the Y363A mutant lacked transport ability. Binding analyses of IgY mutants to FcRY indicated that the mutant with a high transport efficiency (G365A) had a strong binding activity to FcRY; the mutants with a low transport efficiency (G365D, N408A) had a weak binding activity to FcRY. One exception, the Y363A mutant had a remarkably strong binding affinity to FcRY, with a small dissociation rate. The injection of neutralizing FcRY antibodies in laying quail markedly reduced IgY uptake into egg yolks. The neutralization also showed that FcRY was engaged in prolongation of half-life of IgY in the blood; FcRY is therefore a multifunctional receptor that controls avian immunity. The pattern of the transport of the IgY mutants from the maternal blood to the egg yolk was found to be identical to that from the fertilized egg yolk to the newly-hatched chick blood circulation, via the yolk sac membrane. FcRY is therefore a critical IgY receptor that regulates the IgY uptake from the maternal blood circulation into the yolk of avian species, further indicating that the two steps of maternal-newly-hatched IgY transfer are controlled by a single receptor.

Synthesis and preclinical testing of a selective beta-subtype agonist of thyroid hormone receptor ZTA-261.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid hormones (TH) regulate the basal metabolic rate through their receptors THRα and THRß. TH activates lipid metabolism via THRß, however, an excess amount of TH can lead to tachycardia, bone loss, and muscle wasting through THRα. In recent years, TH analogs that selectively bind to THRß have gained attention as new agents for treating dyslipidemia and obesity, which continue to pose major challenges to public health worldwide. METHODS: We developed a TH analog, ZTA-261, by modifying the existing THRß-selective agonists GC-1 and GC-24. To determine the THRß-selectivity of ZTA-261, an in vitro radiolabeled TH displacement assay was conducted. ZTA-261 was intraperitoneally injected into a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced obesity, and its effectiveness in reducing body weight and visceral fat, and improving lipid metabolism was assessed. In addition, its toxicity in the liver, heart, and bone was evaluated. RESULTS: ZTA-261 is more selective towards THRß than GC-1. Although ZTA-261 is less effective in reducing body weight and visceral fat than GC-1, it is as effective as GC-1 in reducing the levels of serum and liver lipids. These effects are mediated by the same pathway as that of T3, a natural TH, as evidenced by similar changes in the expression of TH-induced and lipid metabolism-related genes. The bone, cardiac, and hepatotoxicity of ZTA-261 are significantly lower than those of GC-1. CONCLUSIONS: ZTA-261, a highly selective and less toxic THRß agonist, has the potential to be used as a drug for treating diseases related to lipid metabolism.

Nearly 10% of the world's population suffers from obesity or is overweight. These conditions are closely related to disorders of lipid metabolism, posing significant challenges to individuals and healthcare systems. Thyroid hormone (TH) activates metabolism by binding to specific protein partners, called TH receptors (THRs). There are two types of THRs, THRα and THRß. THRß activates lipid metabolism; however, THRα negatively affects the heart, bone, and muscle when TH is in excess. This study developed a drug called ZTA-261 that selectively binds to THRß. Its administration to mice with induced obesity from a high-fat diet resulted in reduced body fat without any apparent toxicity. Therefore, ZTA-261 is a promising candidate to improve lipid metabolism and address the obesity epidemic.

C3H/HeNSlc mouse with low phospholipid transfer protein expression showed dyslipidemia.

High serum levels of triglycerides (TG) and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increase the risk of coronary heart disease in humans. Herein, we first reported that the C3H/HeNSlc (C3H-S) mouse, a C3H/HeN-derived substrain, is a novel model for dyslipidemia. C3H-S showed hypertriglyceridemia and low total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, and phospholipid (PL) concentrations. To identify the gene locus causing dyslipidemia in C3H-S, we performed genetic analysis. In F2 intercrosses between C3H-S mice and strains with normal serum lipids, the locus associated with serum lipids was identified as 163-168 Mb on chromosome 2. The phospholipid transfer protein (Pltp) gene was a candidate gene within this locus. Pltp expression and serum PLTP activity were markedly lower in C3H-S mice. Pltp expression was negatively correlated with serum TG and positively correlated with serum TC and HDL-C in F2 mice. Genome sequencing analysis revealed that an endogenous retrovirus (ERV) sequence called intracisternal A particle was inserted into intron 12 of Pltp in C3H-S. These results suggest that ERV insertion within Pltp causes aberrant splicing, leading to reduced Pltp expression in C3H-S. This study demonstrated the contribution of C3H-S to our understanding of the relationship between TG, TC, and PL metabolism via PLTP.

Ternatin, a cyclic peptide isolated from mushroom, and its derivative suppress hyperglycemia and hepatic fatty acid synthesis in spontaneously diabetic KK-A(y) mice.

(-)-Ternatin is a highly methylated cyclic heptapeptide isolated from mushroom Coriolus versicolor. Ternatin has an inhibitory effect on fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. [D-Leu(7)]ternatin, a ternatin derivative, also inhibited fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells, although the effectiveness of [D-Leu(7)]ternatin was lower than that of ternatin. In this study, we investigated the effects of ternatin and [D-Leu(7)]ternatin on obesity and type 2 diabetes in KK-A(y) mice, an animal model for spontaneously developed type 2 diabetes. We continuously administered ternatin (8.5 or 17 nmol/day) or [D-Leu(7)]ternatin (68 nmol/day) to mice via a subcutaneous osmotic pump. Unexpectedly, neither ternatin nor [D-Leu(7)]ternatin affected body weight or adipose tissue weight in KK-A(y) mice. In contrast, it was demonstrated that both ternatin and [D-Leu(7)]ternatin suppress the development of hyperglycemia. In liver, the SREBP-1c mRNA level tended to be lower or significantly decreased in mice treated with ternatin or [D-Leu(7)]ternatin, respectively. Moreover, we found that ternatin directly lowered the SREBP-1c mRNA level in Hepa1-6 hepatocyte cells. This study showed that ternatin and [D-Leu(7)]ternatin each had a preventive effect on hyperglycemia and a suppressive effect on fatty acid synthesis in KK-A(y) mice.

Establishment of consomic strains derived from A/J and SM/J mice for genetic analysis of complex traits.

Consomic strains, in which one chromosome is derived from a donor strain and the other chromosomes are derived from the recipient strain, provide a powerful tool for the dissection of complex genetic traits. In this study we established ten consomic strains (A-2(SM), A-6(SM), A-11(SM), A-12(SM), A-13(SM), A-15(SM), A-17(SM), A-18(SM), A-19(SM), A-Y(SM)) using the SM/J strain as the donor and the A/J strain as the recipient; these are the parental strains of a set of SMXA recombinant inbred (RI) strains that we had developed previously. We analyzed body weights and blood lipid levels in the consomic and parental strains. The mean values for each trait showed a continuous range of variation in the consomic strains suggesting that they are controlled by multiple genes. We previously identified suggestive QTLs for body weight on chromosome 6 in SMXA RI strains and (SM/J × A/J)F(2) mice. The observation that the A-6(SM) consomic strain had a significantly lower mean body weight than the A/J strain supports the presence of this QTL on chromosome 6. Similarly, the higher blood triglyceride level in the A-11(SM) strain shows the existence of a previously mapped QTL on chromosome 11, and the A-12(SM) strain provides evidence of a QTL for blood total cholesterol level on chromosome 12. These consomic strains, along with the previously developed set of SMXA RI strains from A/J and SM/J mice, offer an invaluable and powerful resource for the analysis of complex genetic traits in mice.

Low Ascorbic Acid Intake Induces Inflammatory Changes in Intestine and Liver of ODS Rats.

We previously demonstrated that ascorbic acid (AsA) deficiency, caused by an AsA-free diet, induces inflammatory changes in the liver and intestine of osteogenic disorder Shionogi (ODS) rats that cannot synthesize AsA. However, whether low AsA intake induces inflammatory changes remains unknown. Here, we assessed the inflammatory changes in ODS rats caused by low AsA intake and compared them to ODS rats that were fed a diet supplemented with sufficient amounts of AsA (300 mg/kg). Male ODS rats (12-wk-old) were fed an AsA-free diet (0 ppm group), AsA 20 mg/kg diet (20 ppm group), AsA 40 mg/kg diet (40 ppm group) or AsA 300 mg/kg diet (300 ppm group) for 22 d. The hepatic mRNA levels of acute phase proteins, including C-reactive protein (CRP) and haptoglobin, were higher in the 0 and 20 ppm groups, than in the 300 and 40 ppm groups, but were not significantly higher in the 20 ppm group. Serum CRP concentrations were significantly higher in the 0 and 20 ppm groups than in the 300 and 40 ppm groups. Jejunal and ileal interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) mRNA levels were higher in the 0 and 20 ppm groups than in the 300 ppm group. Jejunal and ileal IL-6 mRNA levels tended to be higher in the 0 and 20 ppm groups than in the 300 ppm group. Furthermore, the portal IL-6 concentration gradually increased with decrease in the AsA intake. Thus, inflammatory changes could occur in both AsA-deficient ODS rats and ODS rats with low AsA intake.

A novel model mouse for type 2 diabetes mellitus with early onset and persistent hyperglycemia.

Various mouse models of type 2 diabetes have been established, but few of these show early onset and persistent hyperglycemia. We have established a congenic mouse strain (NSY.B6-Tyr+,Ay) in which a spontaneous mutation of the agouti yellow (Ay) gene, which causes obesity by hyperphagia, was introduced into the NSY strain, which shows increased glucose intolerance with age. This strain has been maintained as a segregating inbred strain by mating obese yellow (Ay/a) males with normal black (a/a) females. All yellow males showed marked obesity and hyperglycemia (mean blood glucose level >400 mg/dl) from 10 to 24 weeks of age. The yellow males also showed glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. They provide a potentially valuable model mouse for research into type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, and renal glomerular complications. Yellow female mice also showed marked obesity, but the incidence of diabetes and the severity of various pathological conditions were milder than in yellow males. None of the black mice showed hyperglycemia in either sex. NSY.B6-Tyr+,Ay strain has good fertility and does not display inter-male aggression, making them useful as a new model for type 2 diabetes with early onset and persistent hyperglycemia.

E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF123-deficient mice exhibit reduced parasitemia and mortality in rodent malaria (Plasmodium yoelii 17XL) infection.

Increased levels of several human ubiquitin ligases, including ring finger protein 123 (RNF123), in red blood cells with Plasmodium falciparum infection, have been reported. RNF123 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is highly expressed in erythroid cells. However, the function of the RNF123 gene and the relationship between the RNF123 gene and malarial parasite has not been clarified in vivo. In this study, we generated RNF123-deficient mice using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and analyzed malaria susceptibility and erythrocyte morphology. The levels of parasitemia 5 days post-infection and mortality 21 days post-infection with the lethal type of rodent malaria (Plasmodium yoelii 17XL) in RNF123-deficient mice was significantly lower than that in wild-type mice. In contrast, red blood cell morphology in RNF123-deficient mice was almost normal. These results suggest that erythrocytic RNF123 plays a role in susceptibility to rodent malaria infection, but does not play a role in erythrocyte morphology.

Farnesol, an isoprenoid, improves metabolic abnormalities in mice via both PPARα-dependent and -independent pathways.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) control energy homeostasis. In this study, we showed that farnesol, a naturally occurring ligand of PPARs, could ameliorate metabolic diseases. Obese KK-Ay mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) containing 0.5% farnesol showed significantly decreased serum glucose level, glucosuria incidence, and hepatic triglyceride contents. Farnesol-containing HFD upregulated the mRNA expressions of PPARα target genes involved in fatty acid oxidation in the liver. On the other hand, farnesol was not effective in upregulating the mRNA expressions of PPARγ target genes in white adipose tissues. Experiments using PPARα-deficient [(-/-)] mice revealed that the upregulation of fatty acid oxidation-related genes required PPARα function, but the suppression of hepatic triglyceride accumulation was partially PPARα-dependent. In hepatocytes isolated from the wild-type and PPARα (-/-) mice, farnesol suppressed triglyceride synthesis. In luciferase assay, farnesol activated both PPARα and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) at similar concentrations. Moreover, farnesol increased the mRNA expression level of a small heterodimer partner known as one of the FXR target genes and decreased those of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c and fatty acid synthase in both the wild-type and PPARα (-/-) hepatocytes. These findings suggest that farnesol could improve metabolic abnormalities in mice via both PPARα-dependent and -independent pathways and that the activation of FXR by farnesol might contribute partially to the PPARα-independent hepatic triglyceride content-lowering effect. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the effect of the dual activators of PPARα and FXR on obesity-induced metabolic disorders.

Coffee and caffeine improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet.

We have previously demonstrated that coffee and caffeine ameliorated hyperglycemia in spontaneously diabetic KK-A(y) mice. This present study evaluates the antidiabetic effects of coffee and caffeine on high-fat-diet-induced impaired glucose tolerance in C57BL/6J mice. C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet were given regular drinking water (control group), or a 2.5-fold-diluted coffee or caffeine solution (200 mg/L) for 17 weeks. The ingestion of coffee or caffeine improved glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and hyperinsulinemia when compared with mice in the control group. The adipose tissue mRNA levels of inflammatory adipocytokines (MCP-1 and IL-6) and the liver mRNA levels of genes related to fatty acid synthesis were lower in the coffee and caffeine groups than those in the control group. These results suggest that coffee and caffeine exerted an ameliorative effect on high-fat-diet-induced impaired glucose tolerance by improving insulin sensitivity. This effect might be attributable in part to the reduction of inflammatory adipocytokine expression.

Genetic analysis of abdominal fat distribution in SM/J and A/J mice.

Each abdominal fat depot, such as mesenteric or epididymal, differently contributes to the development of insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to identify the genetic regions that contribute to fat accumulation in epididymal/mesenteric fat and to examine whether or not the genetic regions that affect glucose metabolism and body fat distribution are coincident. We previously mapped a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) (T2dm2sa) for impaired glucose tolerance on chromosome 2 and revealed that SM.A-T2dm2sa congenic mice showed not only glucose tolerance but also fat accumulation. In the present study, to identify the loci/genes that control the accumulation of abdominal fat, we performed QTL analyses of epididymal/mesenteric fat weight by using (A/J x SM.A-T2dm2sa)F2 mice in which the effect of T2dm2sa was excluded. As a result, two highly significant QTLs for mesenteric fat, as well as three significant QTLs for epididymal/mesenteric fat, were mapped on the different chromosomal regions. This suggests that the fat accumulations in individual fat depots are controlled by distinct genomic regions. Our comparison of these QTLs for abdominal fat distribution with those for glucose metabolism revealed that the major genetic factors affecting body fat distribution do not coincide with genetic factors affecting glucose metabolism in (A/J x SM.A-T2dm2sa)F2.

Dietary anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in diabetic mice.

Blueberries or bilberries contain large amounts of anthocyanins, making them one of the richest sources of dietary anthocyanin. These berries are widely consumed as fresh and dried fruits, jams, or juices. Considerable attention has been focused on the health benefits of bilberry fruits beyond their antioxidant content or their ability to improve vision. In this study, we tested the effect of dietary bilberry extract (BBE) on hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic mice. We found that dietary BBE ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Dietary BBE significantly reduced the blood glucose concentration and enhanced insulin sensitivity. AMPK was activated in white adipose tissue (WAT), skeletal muscle, and the liver of diabetic mice fed BBE. This activation was accompanied by upregulation of glucose transporter 4 in WAT and skeletal muscle and suppression of glucose production and lipid content in the liver. At the same time, acetyl-CoA carboxylase was inactivated and PPARalpha, acyl-CoA oxidase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1A were upregulated in the liver. These changes resulted in improved hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. These findings provide a biochemical basis for the use of bilberry fruits and have important implications for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes via activation of AMPK.

Beta-conglycinin lowers very-low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride levels by increasing adiponectin and insulin sensitivity in rats.

The relationship between insulin sensitivity and the plasma triglyceride-lowering effect induced by beta-conglycinin was investigated. Male Wistar rats (19 weeks old) were fed diets containing casein, soy protein isolate, or beta-conglycinin for 4 weeks. In oral glucose administration, the beta-conglycinin-fed rats showed a significant decrease in the area under the glucose curve (0-60 min) as compared with the casein-fed rats. The hypoglycemic effect was significantly higher in the beta-conglycinin-fed rats than in the casein-fed rats at 30 min after intraperitoneal insulin injection. The liver sterol regulatory element-binding-protein-1 mRNA expression level was significantly lower and the plasma adiponectin concentration was significantly higher in the beta-conglycinin-fed rats than in the casein-fed rats. The hypotriglyceridemic effect of beta-conglycinin depended on a significant decrease in the concentration of very-low-density-lipoprotein triglycerides. These results indicate that beta-conglycinin increases adiponectin levels and improves glucose tolerance. The ability of beta-conglycinin to lower plasma lipid levels might be due to increased insulin sensitivity of the liver.