ABSTRACT
A total of 105 serum samples from endurance horses from different stables in Dubai were examined for the presence of antibodies against Theileria equi and Babesia caballi using immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). A TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect DNA of piroplasms in specimens of clotted blood or EDTA blood samples of the same animals. Out of the 105 serum samples, the IFAT detected antibodies against T. equi in 35 (33.3%) cases while the cELISA gave 34 (32.4%) positive results. Eleven (10.5%) of the 105 sera were positive in the B. caballi IFAT while an additional five (4.8%) other specimens were diagnosed positive using the cELISA. The serological results showed that 13 (12.4%) horses had antibodies against both T. equi and B. caballi. The TaqMan real-time PCR detected DNA of piroplams in 33 (31.4%) samples while serological methods found antibodies in 38 (36.2%) horses.
Subject(s)
Babesia/isolation & purification , Babesiosis/veterinary , Horse Diseases/diagnosis , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Serologic Tests/methods , Theileria/isolation & purification , Animals , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Babesia/genetics , Babesia/immunology , Babesiosis/diagnosis , DNA, Protozoan/blood , Horse Diseases/parasitology , Horses , Sensitivity and Specificity , Serum/immunology , Serum/parasitology , Theileria/genetics , Theileria/immunologyABSTRACT
It has previously been demonstrated that patients with heart failure (HF) in an urban public hospital had significant gaps in knowledge regarding dietary sodium restriction. The objective of this study was to determine what risk factors were associated with such gaps in knowledge and to determine if these gaps in knowledge would increase the risk for HF readmission. A standardized test of sodium knowledge (scored 0 to 10) was administered prospectively to 97 hospitalized patients with HF <48 hours before discharge. The incidence of 90-day hospital readmission for HF was compared between subjects with low dietary sodium knowledge (score 0 to 3) and the remainder of the cohort (score 4 to 10) in univariate and multivariate analyses. Another 48 patients with HF were prospectively recruited, and the dietary sodium knowledge test and a survey of psychosocial and other parameters, including the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults, a validated measure of health literacy, were administered. The 90-day readmission rate for HF was 3 times higher in those with low sodium knowledge than in the remainder of the cohort (28% vs 9%, p = 0.02). This association persisted in multivariate models adjusting for potential confounders. Low health literacy, but not other psychosocial parameters, was associated with low dietary sodium knowledge. In conclusion, low dietary sodium knowledge was an independent risk factor for 90-day HF hospital readmission in the urban setting. Deficiency in dietary sodium knowledge is one pathway through which low health literacy leads to adverse outcomes in patients with HF.