Modeling plasmonic efficiency enhancement in organic photovoltaics.

Efficiency enhancement of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells by means of the plasmonic effect is investigated by using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) optical simulations combined with analytical modeling of exciton dissociation and charge transport efficiencies. The proposed method provides an improved analysis of the cell performance compared to previous FDTD studies. The results of the simulations predict an 11.8% increase in the cell's short circuit current with the use of Ag nano-hexagons.

Exposure assessment in epidemiologic studies of birth defects by industrial hygiene review of maternal interviews.

In epidemiologic studies of birth defects, occupational titles have frequently been used as surrogates for exposure. To avoid the error associated with such proxy exposure measures, we have designed a process in which an industrial hygienist systematically imputes exposures derived from maternal interviews. In response to a structured questionnaire, mothers of cases and controls recalled occupational and nonoccupational tasks performed or products used around the time of conception. Maternal exposures were then assigned to several a priori defined categories by an industrial hygienist. The central exposure category consists of 74 chemical families, e.g., alcohols, lead compounds. Other exposure categories are individual chemical compounds; nonchemical agents, e.g., ionizing radiation, infectious diseases; and product end-use categories, e.g., insecticides, combustion products. A detailed description of this approach and its exposure assessment potential is presented using exposure data from 220 maternal interviews.

Maternal medications and environmental exposures as risk factors for gastroschisis.

In a case-control study of gastroschisis, we evaluated the risks associated with mother's first-trimester use of medications and with hobby or occupational exposures for 110 cases and 220 controls without a birth defect. Mothers of cases and controls were age-matched. For hobby or occupational exposures, we found significantly elevated risks for high levels of solvents (odds ratio (OR) = 3.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.6-9.2) and for colorants (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.3-4.0). For medications, we found significantly elevated risks for two strong cyclooxygenase inhibitors, aspirin (OR = 4.7; 95% CI = 1.2-18.1) and ibuprofen (OR = 4.0; 95% CI = 1.0-16.0), but not for acetaminophen, a weak cyclooxygenase inhibitor. Periconceptional exposure to X rays was also associated with gastroschisis (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.2-5.5), but exposure to antibiotics, antinauseants, sulfonamides, or oral contraceptives was not. We also found elevated risks for two decongestants, pseudoephedrine (OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 0.8-5.5) and phenylpropanolamine (OR = 10.0; 95% CI = 1.2-85.6). For the group of all decongestants, including also oxymetazoline and ephedrine, the risk was significantly elevated (OR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.0-5.4). Controlling in multivariate analyses for several demographic and pregnancy variables associated with gastroschisis in a previous analysis [Torfs et al. (1994) Teratology 50: 44-53] did not substantially change the level or direction of the associations. Most of these associations are for vasoactive substances, which supports a vascular hypothesis for the pathogenesis of gastroschisis.

Maternal occupational and hobby chemical exposures as risk factors for neural tube defects.

In a case-control study, we investigated whether occupational and nonoccupational (hobbies) chemical exposures to women in the periconceptional period increased their risk for having neural tube defect-affected pregnancies. Women were asked about occupational tasks and hobbies performed during the 3 months before through 3 months after conception. Based on her reported occupational tasks and hobbies, an industrial hygienist assigned a priori defined exposure categories to each task and hobby. The exposure categories included 74 chemical groups, 9 "end-use" chemical groups, and organic solvents. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with mothers of 538 (88% of eligible) infants or fetuses with neural tube defect and mothers of 539 (88%) randomly selected, nonmalformed, live-born infants from a population-based 1989-1991 cohort of California births (N = 703,518). Our results suggested that maternal exposures in the periconceptional period to a variety of chemicals associated with occupational and nonoccupational activities did not contribute substantially to risk of neural tube defects in offspring. We observed no effect estimate greater than 2.0 for maternal exposures to the chemical agent groups studied. We did not observe substantially elevated risks associated with maternal exposures to any of the end-use chemical groups or to organic solvents. Considering occupational exposures only among women who worked did not substantially alter results. Adjustment for maternal vitamin use, race/ethnicity, or education level also did not substantially alter the observed associations.