ABSTRACT
Introduction Refractive error is the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness globally. Increasingly, patients are exposed to information about refractive surgery through social media advertisements. While national guidelines specify how refractive surgery should be advertised in traditional media, it is unclear to what extent these standards are adhered to in the emerging commercial arena of social media. The adherence of refractive surgery advertisements on social media to professional standards is poorly studied. Method We retrospectively analyzed the content of refractive surgery advertisements on the social media platform "TikTok," shown in the United Kingdom (UK) from October 2022 to October 2023, and compared them to the guidelines set out by The Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth) and the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA). Results We found that 39/51 (76%) of advertisements did not state the specific pathology to be corrected, and 41/51 (80%) did not specify a surgical procedure. Additionally, 33/51 (65%) of advertisements included at least one financial inducement, 44/51 (86%) contained misleading claims. None of the analyzed advertisements provided specific prices, offered refractive surgery as a competition prize, or featured celebrity endorsements. No medical jargon was found in any of the advertisements. The most viewed advertisement was seen by over 1.2 million unique users, with the median number of views for all advertisements being 34,000. Conclusion In conclusion, our analysis revealed that none of the refractive surgery advertisements on a popular social media platform met the standards set by RCOphth or ASA. This study presents the first qualitative analysis of social media refractive surgery advertisements, offering insights into what users can expect and providing recommendations for patients, doctors, social media platforms, and regulators to enhance refractive surgery advertising in the future.
ABSTRACT
Background: New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) and its subset of febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) are devastating clinical presentations with high rates of mortality and morbidity. The recently published consensus on the treatment of these conditions includes anesthetics, antiseizure drugs, antivirals, antibiotics, and immune therapies. Despite the internationally accepted treatment, the outcome remains poor for a significant percentage of patients. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the use of neuromodulation techniques in the treatment of the acute phase of NORSE/FIRES using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: Our search strategy brought up 74 articles of which 15 met our inclusion criteria. A total of 20 patients were treated with neuromodulation. Thirteen cases represented FIRES and in 17 cases the NORSE remained cryptogenic. Ten had electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), seven had vagal nerve stimulation (VNS), and four had deep brain stimulation (DBS); one patient had initially VNS and later DBS. Eight patients were female and nine were children. In 17 out of 20 patients, the status epilepticus was resolved after neuromodulation, while three patients died. Conclusion: NORSE can have a catastrophic course and the first treatment goal should be the fastest possible termination of status epilepticus. The data presented are limited by the small number of published cases and the variability of neuromodulation protocols used. However, they show some potential clinical benefits of early neuromodulation therapy, suggesting that these techniques could be considered within the course of FIRES/NORSE.