Bamboo Salt and Triple Therapy Synergistically Inhibit Helicobacter pylori-Induced Gastritis In Vivo: A Preliminary Study.

Helicobacter pylori infections are a major cause of gastrointestinal disorders, including gastric ulcers, gastritis, and gastric cancer. Triple therapy, using two antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor, is recommended for the treatment of H. pylori infections. However, antibiotic resistance in H. pylori is an emerging issue. Bamboo salt, a traditional Korean salt made by baking solar sea salt in bamboo barrels, can ameliorate the symptoms of various gastrointestinal diseases. Herein, we compared the anti-H. pylori activity of triple therapy (clarithromycin, metronidazole, and omeprazole), solar salt, and bamboo salt in vivo as a preliminary study. Four-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were inoculated for eight weeks with the H. pylori Sydney Strain 1 (SS-1) and orally administered triple therapy drugs and salts for five days. The transcript levels of the H. pylori-expressed gene CagA and inflammatory cytokines Tnfα and Il-1ß significantly decreased in the bamboo salt treated mice than those in the H. pylori-infected control group. This effect was further enhanced by using triple therapy and bamboo salt together. Solar salt caused modest inhibition of H. pylori-induced inflammation. We also demonstrated the synergistic effects of bamboo salt and triple therapy against H. pylori. Thus, bamboo salt may be a potential candidate agent against the treatment of H. pylori-associated gastritis.

MicroRNA-708-3p mediates metastasis and chemoresistance through inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer.

Metastasis and chemoresistance remain major challenges in the clinical treatment of breast cancer. Recent studies show that dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in metastasis and chemoresistance development in breast cancer. Herein, we identified downregulated expression of miR-708-3p in breast cancers. In particular, miR-708-3p expression was significantly decreased in specimens from breast cancer patients with metastasis compared to that in specimens from patients with no metastasis. Consistent with clinical data, our in vitro data show that miR-708-3p was more significantly decreased in invasive breast cancer cell lines. In addition, our data show that inhibition of miR-708-3p significantly stimulated breast cancer cell metastasis and induced chemoresistance both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, overexpression of miR-708-3p dramatically inhibited breast cancer cell metastasis and enhanced the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to chemotherapy both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we identified that miR-708-3p inhibits breast cancer cell epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by directly targeting EMT activators, including ZEB1, CDH2 and vimentin. Taken together, our findings suggest that miR-708-3p acts as a cancer suppressor miRNA and carries out its anticancer function by inhibiting EMT in breast cancer. In addition, our findings suggest that restoration of miR-708-3p may be a novel strategy for inhibiting breast cancer metastasis and overcoming the chemoresistance of breast cancer cells.

Moiré-free fingerprint sensors based on multilayer oxide-metal-oxide electrodes.

The display quality of touchscreen devices with on-screen fingerprint sensors is reduced by moiré patterns, interference phenomena caused by an overlap between the pixel pattern of the display, and the electrode pattern of the fingerprint sensor. A promising strategy for resolving this issue is to reduce the visibility of the moiré pattern, by including a filling layer with a transmittance similar to that of the electrodes, between the different patterns. We propose a moiré-free fingerprint sensor that uses an oxide-metal-oxide (IZO/Ag/IZO) multilayer as a highly transparent electrode. To verify the moiré reduction effect, we conducted a two-dimensional spectral analysis to calculate the spatial frequencies of the superimposed image of the display and the sensor patterns, and demonstrated experimentally that the proposed electrode greatly reduces the undesirable moiré phenomenon.

Effects of a Hot-Water Extract of Allium hookeri Roots on Bone Formation in Human Osteoblast-Like MG-63 Cells In Vitro and in Rats In Vivo.

Allium hookeri is a wild herb found mainly in the Himalayas, growing at altitudes of 1400-4200 m. A. hookeri is widely consumed as a vegetable and herbal medicine in Asia, but its effects on bone health have not been reported previously. This study investigated the effects of a hot-water extract of A. hookeri roots on bone formation. The hot-water extract significantly increased the proliferation of in vitro human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells and the stimulatory effects on osteoblast differentiation were noticeably greater for the hot-water extract than for daidzein (a positive control), as reflected by alkaline phosphatase activity, collagen content, and mineral deposition. Expression of the bone-remodeling marker osteocalcin production and bone microstructural parameters were significantly improved in Sprague-Dawley rats in vivo after oral treatment with the hot-water extract compared with their control (saline-administered) counterparts. The chemical compounds of the hot-water extract were characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and alliin, sinapic acid, and ferulic acid, which exert beneficial effects on bone health, were identified. These findings indicate that A. hookeri can be used as a natural resource for increasing bone formation. This is the first report of the anabolic effects of A. hookeri extracts on bone formation in vitro and in vivo.

Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide) nanoparticles encapsulating quercetin act as an effective anticancer agent by inducing apoptosis in breast cancer.

PURPOSE: To overcome the therapeutic restrictions offered by hydrophobic quercetin (Qu), this study aims to synthesize MPEG-PLA encapsulated Qu nanoparticle and to evaluate their anticancer efficacy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro anticancer potential and apoptotic studies were done by cell cytotoxicity assay and flow cytometry, respectively. MPEG-PLA-Qu nanoparticles were evaluated for anticancer efficacy in vivo using xenograft mice model. TUNEL assay was performed to observe the frequency of apoptotic cells in vivo. RESULTS: The hydrodynamic particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and drug loading % of MPEG-PLA-Qu nanoparticle was 155.3 ± 3.2 nm, 0.2 ± 0.05, -3.14 mV and 5.3 ± 1.1%, respectively. Also, MPEG-PLA-Qu showed sustained drug release for 10 days. In vitro results showed that MPEG-PLA-Qu could efficiently induce apoptosis in triple negative breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) with higher amount of quercetin in cell lysate treated with MPEG-PLA-Qu in comparison to free quercetin. In xenograft model for breast cancer, peritumorally injected MPEG-PLA-Qu significantly inhibited the tumor growth. Moreover, TUNEL assay showed more occurrence of apoptotic cells in MPEG-PLA-Qu treated tumors compared to free quercetin at similar dose. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that MPEG-PLA-Qu nanoparticle can have a promising clinical potential for the treatment of breast cancer.

Effects of Glucosinolates from Turnip (Brassica rapa L.) Root on Bone Formation by Human Osteoblast-Like MG-63 Cells and in Normal Young Rats.

Turnip (Brassica rapa L.) root ethanol extract (TRE) was prepared, and its chemical constituents were characterized by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Thirteen glucosinolates (GSLs) were identified, comprising eight aliphatic, four indolic, and one aromatic compounds. The effects of these GSLs on bone formation were investigated in vitro by incubating human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells with TRE and then analyzing their viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, collagen content, and mineralization and in vivo by administering TRE orally to normal young rats (500 mg/kg/day) and assessing subsequent changes in serum osteocalcin and bone microstructure in these animals. No TRE-related toxicity was found, and the levels of cell viability, ALP activity, collagen synthesis, and mineralization were significantly increased relative to the negative control. In particular, stimulatory effects on the differentiation of MG-63 cells were strongly enhanced as compared with a positive control (daidzein). Serum osteocalcin was also significantly increased, and some important bone microstructural parameters were improved in TRE-administered rats compared with their saline-administered counterparts. GSLs therefore appear to have a stimulatory effect on bone formation in both MG-63 cells and normal young rats. This is the first report on the usefulness of turnip root and its GSL compounds for bone formation.

Effects of Watercress Containing Rutin and Rutin Alone on the Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Osteoblast-like MG-63 Cells.

Most known osteoporosis medicines are effective for bone resorption, and so there is an increasing demand for medicines that stimulate bone formation. Watercress (N. officinale R. Br.) is widely used as a salad green and herbal remedy. This study analyzed a watercress extract using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, and identified a rutin as one of its major constituents. Osteogenic-related assays were used to compare the effects of watercress containing rutin (WCR) and rutin alone on the proliferation and differentiation of human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. The reported data are expressed as percentages relative to the control value (medium alone; assigned as 100%). WCR increased cell proliferation to 125.0±4.0% (mean±SD), as assessed using a cell viability assay, and increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase, an early differentiation marker, to 222.3±33.8%. In addition, WCR increased the expression of collagen type I, another early differentiation marker, to 149.2±2.8%, and increased the degree of mineralization, a marker of the late process of differentiation, to 122.9±3.9%. Rutin alone also increased the activity of ALP (to 154.4±12.2%), the expression of collagen type I (to 126.6±6.2%), and the degree of mineralization (to 112.3±5.0%). Daidzein, which is reported to stimulate bone formation, was used as a positive control; the effects of WCR on proliferation and differentiation were significantly greater than those of daidzein. These results indicate that WCR and rutin can both induce bone formation via the differentiation of MG-63 cells. This is the first study demonstrating the effectiveness of either WCR or rutin as an osteoblast stimulant.

Exploration of structural influences on the ferroelectric switching characteristics of ferroelectric thin-film transistors.

In this paper, quantitative analysis was performed focusing on the structural effect on the ferroelectric switching of ferroelectric thin-film transistors (FeTFTs). FeTFTs and ferroelectric capacitor (FeCap) test element groups (TEGs) were designed and fabricated, and positive-up-negative-down (PUND) measurements were performed to analyze the switching characteristics of ferroelectric films in various structures constituting an FeTFT. It was verified that TiN/HZO/a-IGZO/Mo (MFSM, FeTFT source/drain contact) mostly contributed to the memory operation of an FeTFT, while TiN/HZO/a-IGZO (MFS, FeTFT channel) exhibits one-time memory operation with irreversible polarization switching. In addition, the switching characteristics of MFSM and MFS were different from those of MFM, especially after a few cycles, related to the oxygen vacancy migration between a-IGZO channels and HZO films. The extracted 2Pr values for MFS, MFSM and TiN/HZO/Mo (MFM, FeTFT source/drain parasitic capacitor) were 38, 28 and 20 [µC cm-2], respectively. Based on the operation differences according to the device structure, it was found that irreversible switching in the MFS region (channel) causes a rapid decrease in the memory window after the first switching in an FeTFT and degradation of a-IGZO and HZO films in the MFSM region (contact) including oxygen vacancy exchange and related defect generation causes subthreshold slope increases and negative threshold voltage shifts as cycling stress was applied.

Rspo 1 promotes osteoblast differentiation via Wnt signaling pathway.

R-spondin (Rspo)s proteins are a new group of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling agonists. These signaling molecules are known to be involved in the developmental stages of skeletal system. Recent studies in various murine osteoblast models have proposed that Rspo 1 may interact with Wnt signaling pathway to induce differentiation in osteoblasts. Though findings in murine osteoblasts implicate a synergestic role of Rspo 1 with Wnt signaling, still no study has addressed the similar role in more clinically applicable osteoblast models i.e., human cell lines or primary cells. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the possible role of Rspo 1 during differentiation process of human in vitro osteoblast cell models like primary osteoblasts or human osteoprogenitor cell line hFOB 1.19 along with murine preosteoblast cell line MC3T3 E-1. Our results showed increase in Rspo 1 at transcript level during differentiating phase of human primary osteoblasts and human FOB 1.19 cells. We also found that Rspo 1 (100 ng/mL) acts additively with Wnt3a to activate Wnt signaling, as confirmed by luciferase activity after transfection of TOPFLASH construct to hFOB 1.19 cells. Similar additive role of Rspo 1 and Wnt3a was apparent in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity analysis of human primary cells. Moreover, a reduction in ALP activity was observed with knock-down of Rspo 1 by transfected shRNA in hFOB 1.19 cells. These results suggested the possibility of autocrine regulation by Rspo 1 on the osteogenic activities in human in vitro osteoblast models. Furthermore, these results were corroborated in MC3T3-E1, murine osteoblast cell model. Osteoblastic differentiation was induced by transfection of Rspo 1 which was confirmed by increased ALP staining and qRT-PCR analysis of osteogenic markers, such as Runx2 and osteocalcin. In conclusion, present study highlights the role of Rspo 1 in bone remodeling where it activates Wnt signaling to induce differentiation, as shown in human as well murine in vitro osteoblast cell models.

The effects of medical comorbidity, cognition, and age on patient-reported outcomes in Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to compare the independent contributions of medical comorbidity, cognition, and age on patient-reported outcomes in Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS: 572 PD patients completed the Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS®)-29 v2.0 Profile (physical function, anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep disturbance, satisfaction with participation in social roles, pain interference) and PROMIS Global Health (mental health and physical health) scales. Comorbidity was measured with the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale-Geriatric (CIRS-G) and cognition with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Multiple regression models examined the 9 PROMIS measures as predicted by comorbidity, cognition, and age, adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics (UPDRS and disease duration). RESULTS: Comorbidity was associated with poorer outcomes in all nine PROMIS domains. Cognition was associated with two of nine domains: physical function and anxiety. Age was associated with five domains: anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, satisfaction with participation in social roles, and global mental health. Comorbidity showed greater effects on all nine domains than cognition or age (higher standardized beta coefficients). CONCLUSION: Medical comorbidity, cognition, and age have different impacts on patient-reported outcomes in PD. Medical comorbidity has a greater impact than either cognition or age on a range of patient-reported physical and mental health domains. Medical comorbidity is an important contributor to the patient's perspective of their physical and mental health.

Platelet to lymphocyte ratio is a risk factor for failure of non-operative treatment of colonic diverticulitis.

Non-operative treatment is the mainstay of colonic diverticulitis, but some patients require surgery due to non-operative treatment failure. This study aims to identify risk factors for the failure of non-operative treatment of colonic diverticulitis. From January 2011 to December 2020, we retrospectively reviewed 2362 patients with non-operative treatment for first-attack acute diverticulitis. Patients were categorized into non-operative treatment success or failure groups. Clinical characteristics and serum inflammatory markers were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression to determine risk factors for non-operative treatment failure of colonic diverticulitis. Overall, 2.2% (n = 50) of patients underwent delayed surgery within 30 days (median 4.0 [3.0; 8.0]) due to non-operative treatment failure. Multivariable logistic regression identified that platelet to lymphocyte ratio (odds ratio [OR], 4.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.05-0.13; p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 0.01-0.09; p = 0.025), left-sided colonic diverticulitis (OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 0.04-0.13; p < 0.001), and modified Hinchey classification (OR, 6.2; 95% CI, 0.09-0.17; p < 0.001) were risk factors for non-operative treatment failure. Platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) is a potential risk factor for the non-operative treatment failure of acute first-attack colonic diverticulitis. Therefore, patients with higher PLR during non-operative treatment should be monitored with special caution.

Continuous cuffless blood pressure monitoring using photoplethysmography-based PPG2BP-net for high intrasubject blood pressure variations.

Continuous, comfortable, convenient (C3), and accurate blood pressure (BP) measurement and monitoring are needed for early diagnosis of various cardiovascular diseases. To supplement the limited C3 BP measurement of existing cuff-based BP technologies, though they may achieve reliable accuracy, cuffless BP measurement technologies, such as pulse transit/arrival time, pulse wave analysis, and image processing, have been studied to obtain C3 BP measurement. One of the recent cuffless BP measurement technologies, innovative machine-learning and artificial intelligence-based technologies that can estimate BP by extracting BP-related features from photoplethysmography (PPG)-based waveforms have attracted interdisciplinary attention of the medical and computer scientists owing to their handiness and effectiveness for both C3 and accurate, i.e., C3A, BP measurement. However, C3A BP measurement remains still unattainable because the accuracy of the existing PPG-based BP methods was not sufficiently justified for subject-independent and highly varying BP, which is a typical case in practice. To circumvent this issue, a novel convolutional neural network(CNN)- and calibration-based model (PPG2BP-Net) was designed by using a comparative paired one-dimensional CNN structure to estimate highly varying intrasubject BP. To this end, approximately [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] of 4185 cleaned, independent subjects from 25,779 surgical cases were used for training, validating, and testing the proposed PPG2BP-Net, respectively and exclusively (i.e., subject-independent modelling). For quantifying the intrasubject BP variation from an initial calibration BP, a novel 'standard deviation of subject-calibration centring (SDS)' metric is proposed wherein high SDS represents high intrasubject BP variation from the calibration BP and vice versa. PPG2BP-Net achieved accurately estimated systolic and diastolic BP values despite high intrasubject variability. In 629-subject data acquired after 20 minutes following the A-line (arterial line) insertion, low error mean and standard deviation of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for highly varying A-line systolic and diastolic BP values, respectively, where their SDSs are 15.375 and 8.745. This study moves one step forward in developing the C3A cuffless BP estimation devices that enable the push and agile pull services.

Neoadjuvant therapy of metformin is associated with good tumor response after preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer.

Metformin is associated with good tumor response in preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for rectal cancer. This study aims to demonstrate that the timing of metformin is related to the tumor response on preoperative CCRT for rectal cancer. From January 2010 to December 2017, 232 patients who underwent curative resection after preoperative CCRT were reviewed. Patients were divided into groups with or without diabetes or metformin. The timing of metformin administration was divided based on before and from initiation of CCRT. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors for tumor response. Tumor downstaging (p = 0.02) and good response rates of tumor regression grade (TRG) (p = 0.008) were significantly higher in the group administered metformin before CCRT than other groups. In the multivariate analysis, metformin administration before CCRT was a significant factor in predicting tumor downstaging [odds ratio (OR) 10.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.76-102.08, p = 0.02] and good TRG (OR 12.55, 95% CI 2.38-80.24, p = 0.004). In patients with rectal cancer who underwent preoperative CCRT, neoadjuvant therapy of metformin before CCRT was significantly associated with good tumor response.

Gradient area-selective deposition for seamless gap-filling in 3D nanostructures through surface chemical reactivity control.

The integration of bottom-up fabrication techniques and top-down methods can overcome current limits in nanofabrication. For such integration, we propose a gradient area-selective deposition using atomic layer deposition to overcome the inherent limitation of 3D nanofabrication and demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method toward large-scale production of materials. Cp(CH3)5Ti(OMe)3 is used as a molecular surface inhibitor to prevent the growth of TiO2 film in the next atomic layer deposition process. Cp(CH3)5Ti(OMe)3 adsorption was controlled gradually in a 3D nanoscale hole to achieve gradient TiO2 growth. This resulted in the formation of perfectly seamless TiO2 films with a high-aspect-ratio hole structure. The experimental results were consistent with theoretical calculations based on density functional theory, Monte Carlo simulation, and the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov model. Since the gradient area-selective deposition TiO2 film formation is based on the fundamentals of molecular chemical and physical behaviours, this approach can be applied to other material systems in atomic layer deposition.

Fabrication and MFM study of 60 nm track-pitch discrete track media.

Discrete track magnetic recording media with a 60 nm track pitch and prewritten servo patterns were fabricated and tested for read/write performance, and a feasibility analysis of the embedded servo was performed. The fabrication process consisted of ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL) and sequential ion beam etching on a conventional perpendicular magnetic recording medium. Magnetic patterns were written to the fabricated tracks at 700 kilo flux changes per inch (kFCI) using a spin stand and were read using magnetic force microscopy (MFM), with a resulting signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 12.15 dB. The servo pattern was also visualized with MFM. These results demonstrated the feasibility of writing to a 30 nm wide discrete data track and the workability of the embedded servo pattern.

Single crystal-like Si patterns for photonic crystal color filters.

A novel fabrication method for a two-dimensional photonic crystal color filter based on guided mode resonance is proposed. An amorphous silicon layer deposited through the low-temperature plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process is patterned into two-dimensional structures using low-cost nanoimprint lithography. It is then effectively crystallized using multi-shot excimer laser annealing at low energy. We have demonstrated analytically and experimentally that single crystal-like silicon patterns on a glass substrate can offer high-efficiency photonic crystal color filters for reflective display applications. The highly crystallized silicon patterning scheme presented here may be very attractive for a variety of devices requiring high carrier mobility and high optical efficiency.

Nanoimprinted photonic crystal color filters for solar-powered reflective displays.

A novel concept for reflective displays that uses two-dimensional photonic crystals with subwavelength gratings is introduced. A solar-powered reflective display with photonic crystal color filters was analyzed by a theoretical approach. We fabricated the photonic crystal color filters on a glass substrate by using low-cost nanoimprint lithography and multi-scan excimer laser annealing to produce RGB color filters through a single patterning process. The theoretical and experimental results show that the color filters have high reflectance and angular tolerance, which was qualitatively confirmed by chromaticity coordination analysis.

NNK-mediated upregulation of DEPDC1 stimulates the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting CYP27B1 expression.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent and malignant cancer. However, the molecular mechanism of OSCC progression is not fully understood. In this study, we observed that the DEP domain containing 1 (DEPDC1) protein was overexpressed in OSCC tissues and that the increased expression of DEPDC1 was closely associated with tumor size and poor clinical outcomes in OSCC patients. The results of functional investigations demonstrated that DEPDC1 stimulates OSCC cell proliferation by inhibiting cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member (CYP27B1) expression. Furthermore, we observed that upregulated DEPDC1 expression was closely associated with smoking status in OSCC patients. The results of in vitro experiments showed that the tobacco compound 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) stimulates DEPDC1 expression by promoting the methylation of its gene body by increasing DNMT1 expression in OSCC cells. Notably, the silencing of DEPDC1 dramatically inhibited OSCC growth by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in vivo. These findings suggest that smoking causes DEPDC1 overexpression in OSCC through DNMT1-regulated DNA methylation and that upregulated DEPDC1 stimulates OSCC cell proliferation by inhibiting CYP27B1 expression. Our results establish a new mechanism of OSCC progression and highlight DEPDC1 as a candidate prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in OSCC.

On-screen fingerprint sensor with optically and electrically tailored transparent electrode patterns for use on high-resolution mobile displays.

In this study, a mutual capacitive-type on-screen fingerprint sensor, which can recognize fingerprints on a display screen to provide smartphones with full-screen displays with a minimal bezel area, is fabricated. On-screen fingerprint sensors are fabricated using an indium tin oxide transparent conductor with a sheet resistance of ~10 Ω/sq. and a transmittance of ~94% (~86% with the substrate effect) in the visible wavelength range, and assembled onto a display panel. Even at this high transmittance, the electrodes can degrade the display quality when they are placed on the display. The interference between periodic display pixel arrays and sensor patterns can lead to the Moiré phenomenon. It is necessary to find an appropriate sensor pattern that minimizes the Moiré pattern, while maintaining the signal sensitivity. To search for appropriate patterns, a numerical calculation is carried out over wide ranges of pitches and rotation angles. The range is narrowed for an experimental evaluation, which is used to finally determine the sensor design. As the selected sensor pitches are too small to detect capacitance variations, three unit patterns are electrically connected to obtain a unit block generating a larger signal. By applying the selected sensor pattern and circuit driving by block, fingerprint sensing on a display is demonstrated with a prototype built on a commercial smartphone.

Two-dimensional photonic crystal color filter development.

Reflective color filters using two-dimensional photonic crystals based on sub-wavelength gratings were proposed and constructed. Using low-cost nanoimprint lithography, an amorphous silicon layer was deposited through the low-temperature PECVD process and patterned into two-dimensional structures. The isolated amorphous silicon patterns were readily crystallized using a multi-shot excimer laser annealing at low energy. A study of the close relationship between color filter reflectance and silicon pattern crystallinity is introduced. Theoretical and experimental results show that the proposed color filters have high reflectance and, moreover, decrease the dependence on incident angle compared to one-dimensional photonic crystal color filters.