ABSTRACT
Here, we describe the identification of an antibiotic class acting via LpxH, a clinically unexploited target in lipopolysaccharide synthesis. The lipopolysaccharide synthesis pathway is essential in most Gram-negative bacteria and there is no analogous pathway in humans. Based on a series of phenotypic screens, we identified a hit targeting this pathway that had activity on efflux-defective strains of Escherichia coli. We recognized common structural elements between this hit and a previously published inhibitor, also with activity against efflux-deficient bacteria. With the help of X-ray structures, this information was used to design inhibitors with activity on efflux-proficient, wild-type strains. Optimization of properties such as solubility, metabolic stability and serum protein binding resulted in compounds having potent in vivo efficacy against bloodstream infections caused by the critical Gram-negative pathogens E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Other favorable properties of the series include a lack of pre-existing resistance in clinical isolates, and no loss of activity against strains expressing extended-spectrum-ß-lactamase, metallo-ß-lactamase, or carbapenemase-resistance genes. Further development of this class of antibiotics could make an important contribution to the ongoing struggle against antibiotic resistance.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Lipopolysaccharides , Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Escherichia coli/metabolism , Gram-Negative Bacteria/metabolism , beta-Lactamases/genetics , Microbial Sensitivity TestsABSTRACT
A three-component one-pot procedure (3-MC) was developed to assemble 3-indolepropionic acids from commercially available materials. This new methodology affords the title compounds in high yields and without the use of chromatography. [reaction: see text].