Microalgal extracts induce larval programming and modify growth and the immune response to bioactive treatments and LCDV in Senegalese sole post-larvae.

Immunostimulants are key molecules in aquaculture since they heighten defensive responses and protection against pathogens. The present study investigated the treatment of Senegalese sole larvae with a whole-cell crude extract of the microalgae Nannochloropsis gaditana (Nanno) and programming of growth and the immune system. Larvae at hatch were treated with the Nanno extracts for 2 h and thereafter were cultivated for 32 days post-hatch (dph) in parallel with an untreated control group (CN). Dry weight and length at 21 days post-hatch (dph) were higher in post-larvae of the Nanno than CN group. These differences in weight were later confirmed at 32 dph. To evaluate changes in the immune response associated with Nanno-programming treatments, the Nanno and CN post-larvae were supplied with two bioactive compounds yeast ß-glucan (Y) and a microalga extract from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (MAe). The bioactive treatments were administrated to the treatment groups through the live prey (artemia metanauplii, 200 artemia mL-1) enriched for 30 min with MAe or Y (at 2 mg mL-1 SW) or untreated prey in the case of the negative control (SW). The effect of the treatments was assessed by monitoring gene expression, enzyme activity and mortality over 48 h. The post-larvae sole supplied with the bioactive compounds Y and MAe had increased mortality at 48 h compared to the SW group. Moreover, mortality was higher in Nanno-programmed than CN post-larvae. Lysozyme and total anti-protease enzymatic activities at 6 and 24 h after the start of the trial were significantly higher in the Nanno and MAe supplied post-larvae compared to their corresponding control (CN and SW, respectively). Immune gene transcripts revealed that il1b, cxc10 and mx mRNAs were significantly different between Nanno and CN post-larvae at 6 and 24 h. Moreover, the expression of il1b, tnfa, cxc10, irf3, irf7 and mx was modified by bioactive treatments but with temporal differences. At 48 h after bioactive treatments, Y and SW post-larvae were challenged with the lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV). No difference existed in viral copy number between programming or bioactive treatment groups at 3, 6 and 24 h after LCDV challenge although the total number of copies reduced with time. Gene expression profiles in the LCDV-challenged group indicated that post-larvae triggered a wide defensive response compared to SWC 24 h after challenge, which was modulated by programming and bioactive compound treatments. Cluster analysis of expressed genes separated the SW and Y groups indicating long-lasting effects of yeast ß-glucan treatment in larvae. A noteworthy interaction between Nanno-programming and Y-treatment on the regulation of antiviral genes was observed. Overall, the data demonstrate the capacity of microalgal crude extracts to modify sole larval plasticity with long-term effects on larval growth and the immune responses.

Antioxidant capacity and immunomodulatory effects of a chrysolaminarin-enriched extract in Senegalese sole.

The microalgae are an important source of bioactive molecules including ß-glucans that can be used as immunostimulants in aquaculture. In the present study, the antioxidant capacity, cytotoxicity and immunomodulatory activity of a chrysolaminarin-enriched extract obtained from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was evaluated. The extract showed a higher total antioxidant activity as determined by ORAC and FRAP assays and a lower DPPH scavenging activity than particulate yeast-ß-glucan. The cytotoxicity test indicated that extract concentrations higher than 0.01% w/v could impair cell viability of human dermal fibroblasts. To evaluate the immunomodulatory activity, juvenile soles were intraperitoneally injected with the chrysolaminarin-enriched extract suspended in coconut oil (1 mg/fish) followed by a reinjection at 7 days. A sham group injected with the carrier solution was maintained as a negative control. Cumulated mortality of fish injected with the chrysolaminarin-enriched extract was 29.4% after six days and no mortality was recorded after extract reinjection. Expression analyses of fifteen genes related to the innate immune system in kidney, spleen and intestine showed temporal and organ-specific responses. A rapid (2 days post-injection; dpi) and strong induction of the pro-inflammatory il1b and the antimicrobial peptide hamp1 in the three immunological organs, the hsp90aa in kidney and spleen, irf3 in intestine and c3 in spleen was observed indicating a potent inflammatory response. The recovery of steady-state levels for all activated genes at 5 dpi, and the down-regulation of c-lectin receptor as well as some interferon-related genes (ifn1, irf1, irf3, irf8, irf9 and mx) in kidney and cxc10 in spleen indicated that the soles were able to activate a homeostatic response against the ß-glucan insult. The reinjection of the chrysolaminarin-enriched extract did not activate a new inflammatory response but reduced the mRNA levels of hsp90aa and irf3 indicating that soles developed some resistance to ß-glucans. Overall, these results reveal this enriched extract as a novel and potent source of ß-glucans with antioxidant and immunomodulatory capacity suitable for immunostimulation in aquaculture.

Megalanthine, a bioactive sesquiterpenoid from Heliotropium megalanthum, its degradation products and their bioactivities.

The new bioactive sesquiterpenoid (3R,6E)-2,6,10-trimethyl-3-(3-p-hydroxyphenylpropanoyloxy)-dodeca-6,11-diene-2,10-diol, named megalanthine, was isolated from the resinous exudates of Heliotropium megalanthum. The degradation products of this compound were identified. Several plant-defensive properties (insecticidal, antifungal, and phytotoxic) were evaluated after obtaining positive results in a preliminary etiolated wheat coleoptile bioassay. This bioassay showed the need to have both the phenolic and sesquiterpene moieties of the natural product present to achieve a biological effect. This result was confirmed in phytotoxicity bioassays. Megalanthine was ruled out as a significant plant-plant defense agent because of its lack of stability. The positive results recorded in the antifungal and antifeedant tests suggest, however, that this chemical is relevant in several ecological interactions involving H. megalanthum.

Estudiantes universitarios en tiempos de covid-19: clases en línea y vida cotidiana / Being a college student in COVID-19 times: online classes and daily life / Ser um estudante universitário em tempos de Covid-19: aulas online e vida quotidiana

Resumen (analítico) Se abordan los ajustes que hicieron estudiantes de psicología en su vida cotidiana para continuar con sus clases en línea. Desde un enfoque de psicología cultural y una investigación de corte cualitativo, se analizan los significados que las y los estudiantes plasmaron en cuestionarios abiertos respondidos en línea. Los resultados muestran el trabajo de reelaboración práctico y simbólico que realizaron las y los participantes para redefinir qué significa ser estudiante en tiempos de pandemia. Se exponen las emociones que tuvieron, las estrategias empleadas para responder a las clases en línea y las experiencias con el servicio de psicología brindado a adolescentes de secundaria. Concluimos que durante la pandemia por covid-19 las clases en línea implicaron para las y los estudiantes retos nuevos en el reacomodo de sus vidas cotidianas.

Abstract (analytical) The paper addresses the adjustments made by psychology students in their daily lives to continue with their online classes. From a cultural psychology approach and a qualitative research approach, we analyze the meanings that students expressed in open questionnaires answered online. The results show the practical and symbolic elaboration work carried out by the participants to redefine what it means to be a student in times of pandemic. The emotions they had, the strategies used to respond to the online classes, and the experiences with the psychology service provided to secondary school adolescents are presented. We conclude that during the COVID-19 pandemic, the online classes implied new challenges for the students in the rearrangement of their daily lives.

Resumo (analítico) O artigo aborda os ajustamentos que os estudantes de psicologia fizeram na sua vida quotidiana para continuar com as suas aulas online. A partir de uma abordagem psicológica cultural e de uma investigação qualitativa, analisamos os significados que os estudantes expressaram em questionários abertos respondidos em linha. Os resultados mostram o trabalho prático e simbólico de reelaboração realizado pelos participantes para redefinir o que significa ser um estudante em tempos de pandemia. São apresentadas as emoções que tinham, as estratégias utilizadas para responder às aulas em linha e as experiências com o serviço de psicologia prestado aos adolescentes do ensino secundário. Concluímos que durante a pandemia de Covid-19, as aulas em linha proporcionaram aos estudantes novos desafios na reorganização da sua vida quotidiana.

[Development of a record-keeping strategy for improvement of information retention in microbiological processing]. / Seguimiento microbiológico: estrategia para el mejoramiento del registro de la información en los procesos microbiológicos.

The improvement of microbiological information processing in clinical laboratories depends on retention of information concerning who, what, when, how, and why each process was performed, the implementation of quality control procedures, and finally, its evaluation. The four objectives to be addressed are as follows: (1) to improve the collection of information concerned with microbiological processes, (2) to evaluate results of implemented strategies, (3) to offer a model data base to be used in research projects, and (4) to propose an evaluation model for comparative studies. To do this, microbiological cultures were collected from hospitalized patients from June 1997 to June 2003. Data for the analytical matrix were obtained from lab requests, medical history and the microbiological data. Statistical analyses were performed in Epi-Info 6. The laboratory records for 46,072 microbiological cultures were analyzed. Completion levels in data collection were compared between years 1997 and 2003. Samples from 1997 and 2003 showed 11% and 99% of the request forms specifically requesting microbiological culture, 11% and 99% were completed in 1997 and 2003, respectively. For the same years, 9% and 85% specifically stated the time of the request. Ten percent and 68%, respectively, provided complete information. Zero and 83% respectively stated who had collected the sample. Zero and 77%, respectively, specified the time of sample collection. Forms containing all relevent microbiological data were most complete with 78% and 96%, respectively. A database with 44 variables related to microbiological processes was created. In conclusion, improvement of microbiological data processing depends not only on the method of collection and completion of recorded information, but also on constant quality control and evaluation.

Resistencia a la fractura de dientes con debilitamiento radicular / Fracture resistance of teeth weakening with root

Dentro de los factores que afectan los dientes tratados endodónticamente y predisponen al fracaso se encuentran las paredes delgadas, raíces débiles incapacitadas para resistir fatiga causando fractura radicular y reduciendo la tasa de éxito. Un diente después del tratamiento endodóntico adecuado, debe tener buen pronóstico para reanudar su función y soportar una restauración capaz de resistir fuerzas de masticación y parafuncionales, y los ataques mecánicos y químicos del medio oral por un tiempo prolongado. Esta condición de raíces debilitadas se presenta en un gran porcentaje de población por lo tanto es pertinente tener en cuenta los parámetros clínicos para su rehabilitación constituyendo una alternativa reforzar la superficie radicular para mejorar la estabilidad y retención del retenedor, utilizando materiales con propiedades mecánicas optimas, estética y longevidad. El propósito de esta revisión, es adquirir un conocimiento de los parámetros clínicos a tener en cuenta en la rehabilitación de dientes debilitados radicularmente, para determinar cuál tratamiento constituye la mejor alternativa en cada situación específica, garantizando un pronóstico adecuado. Para la organización de la literatura fue necesario seleccionar temas como: pronostico de dientes tratados endodónticamente, alternativas de restauración, fractura radicular y posteriormente hacer énfasis en los últimos trabajos publicados sobre los avances tecnológicos que han permitido el desarrollo de materiales con mejores propiedades mecánicas que permiten la transmisión de esfuerzos de manera uniforme. La información se obtuvo de bases de datos como: Hinari, Sciencedirect, WileyInterscience, y de fuentes indexadas como: journal dental materials, journal prosteticdentristry, International Journal of Prosthodontics, QuintessenceInt, Journal Of Endodontics, Dental Traumatology.

Among the factors affecting endodontically treated teeth predisposed to failure are thin walls, weak roots unable to resist root fatigue causing root fracture and reducing the rate of success. A tooth after successful endodontic treatment should have a good prognosis to resume its function and support a restoration able to withstand chewing and parafunctional forces, as well as mechanical and chemical attacks in the oral environment for a prolonged time. This weakened condition of roots occurs in a large percentage of the population and therefore it is pertinent to consider the clinical parameters for their rehabilitation, with an alternative being to strengthen the root surface in order to improve stability and retention of the retainer, using materials that provide optimal mechanical properties, esthetics and longevity. The purpose of this review is to present concepts regarding clinical parameters that must be taken into account in the rehabilitation of weakened roots to determine which treatment is the best alternative in each specific situation, ensuring a good prognosis. Methodology: In order to organize the literature, it was necessary to select topics such as prognosis of endodontically treated teeth, alternative restoration, root fracture and then emphasize recent studies published on technological advances that have allowed the development of materials with better mechanical properties that allow uniform transmission of efforts uniformly. The information was obtained mainly from databases such as: Hinari, ScienceDirect, Wiley Interscience, and indexed sources such as Journal Dental Materials, Journal ProsteticDentristry, International Journal of Prosthodontics, Quintessence Int, Journal of Endodontics, Dent Traumatology.

Citotoxicidad de los adhesivos dentinarios / Citotoxicity of dental adhesives

Los adhesivos son materiales de amplio uso en procedimientos de odontología restauradora que han tenido gran evolución en los últimos años, su función principal es unir la estructura dentaria previamente grabada al material restaurativo con el fin de crear una unión micromecánica y químicafuerte y duradera, su composición y las complejas reacciones químicas que originan el fenómenoadhesivo tienen influencia en su comportamiento biológico.

Adhesives are materials widely used in restorative dentistry procedures that have evolved greatly in recent years; their main function is to attach the previously etched dental structure to the restorative material in order to create a strong and lasting micromechanical union; their composition and the complex chemical reactions that cause the bonding phenomenon influence their biological behavior.

Incremento de los urocultivos positivos en un hospital de cuarto nivel de atención / Increment in positive urine cultures in a fourth level attention hospital

Objetivo. Determinar si la implementación de intervenciones educativas y administrativas con respecto al empleo de pruebas de tamizaje incrementa la proporción de urocultivos positivos, en comparación con no emplear dichas intervenciones. Diseño. Este es un estudio prospectivo, analítico. Lugar. Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Colombia. Población. Se realizaron 25.766 urocultivos entre 1998 y 2005. Métodos. Algunas acciones educativas y administrativas se realizaron para incrementar la positividad de los urocultivos solicitados.Se registraron las coloraciones de Gram ordenadas para las muestras de los pacientes hospitalizados y atendidos en urgencias que fueron hospitalizados, los urocultivospositivos de los recomendados, los solicitados directamente por el médico tratante y por el servicio solicitante. Resultados. El porcentaje de coloraciones de Gram de orina sin centrifugar realizadas por urocultivo, en los pacientes hospitalizados, se incrementó de 0,7 por ciento en 1998 a 32,1 por ciento en 2005 ( p = 0,000). Los urocultivos fueron positivos en el 79,4 por ciento de los casos cuando se realizaron por recomendación del laboratorio, mientras que la positividad de los solicitados directamente fue del 27,9 por ciento (p = 0,000). El porcentaje total de urocultivos positivos en 1998 en los pacientes que fueron hospitalizados, fue de 29,7 por ciento, mientras que de 1999 a 2005 fue del 40,3 por ciento, años en los cuales el laboratorio de microbiología intervino activamente (c2 = 74,95; p = 0,000). Los urocultivos positivos solicitados desde urgencias de adultos y pediatría aumentaron de 34 por ciento y 15 por ciento en 1998, a 66 por ciento y 30 por ciento en el 2005, respectivamente; mientras que en otros servicios de hospitalización el porcentaje pasó de 26 por ciento a 40 por ciento. Conclusiones. El porcentaje de los urocultivos positivos se puede incrementar si el conocimiento derivado del estudio de las pruebas de tamizaje es aplicado a la práctica clínica

AbstractGoal:To determine if the implementation of educativeand administrative interventions with respect to theuse of screening tests increases the proportion ofpositive urocultures, in comparison with the absenceof using these interventions. Design:The study is aprospective, analytical study. Place: Hospital Pablo To-bón Uribe, Medellín, Colombia. Population: 25.766urocultures obtained from 1998 to 2005. Methods:some educative and administrative actions were takento increase the positivity of the requestes urocultures.All data from ordered urocultures were registered.The ordered Gram stains in hospitalized patients andpatients who attended the emergency unit that werehospitalized, the positive urocultures of the recom-mended ones, those requested directly by the medicalpractitioners, and services. Results: Gram stainpercentage without centrifugation for uroculture inhospitalized patients increased from 0.7% in 1998 to32.1% in 2005 (p = 0.000). Urocultures were positivein 79.4% of the cases when they were done bylaboratory recommendation, whereas positivity ofdirectly requested cultures was of 27.9% (p = 0.000).The total percentage of positive urocultures in 1998for hospitalized patients was 29.7%, and in 1999-2005was 40.3% (c2 = 74.95;p = 0.000), period when themicrobiology laboratory intervened actively. Positiveurocultures from requested for adult and pediatricemergency patients increased from 34% and 15% in1998 to 66% and 30% in 2005, respectively; in otherhospitalization services the percentage increased from26% to 40%. Conclusions:The percentage ofpositive urocultures may increase if the knowledgederived from the study of the corresponding screeningtests is applied to the clinical practice

Seguimiento microbiológico: estrategia para el mejoramiento del registro de la información en los procesos microbiológicos / Development of a record-keeping strategy for improvement of information retention in microbiological processing

El conocimiento sobre el qué, el quién, el cuándo, el dónde, el cómo y el porqué de cada proceso, la aplicación de un sistema de control de calidad y la retroalimentación de la evaluación permiten que la información sea analizada y empleada eficientemente en el mejoramiento continuo. Los objetivos del trabajo fueron: mejorar el registro de la información en los procesos microbiológicos, evaluar los resultados obtenidos con las estrategias empleadas, establecer una base de datos para proyectos de investigación y proponer un modelo de evaluación para estudios comparativos. Para esto, se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo, y se utilizaron los datos de los cultivos microbiológicos solicitados a pacientes hospitalizados entre junio de 1997 y junio de 2003. Se diseñó un formato con las variables por analizar. Las fuentes de información fueron las solicitudes de laboratorio, los registros del laboratorio de microbiología y las historias clínicas. Se utilizó el programa EpiInfo 6 para analizar la información de 46.072 cultivos. La primera cifra corresponde al porcentaje en junio de 1997 y la segunda, a la de junio de 2003: persona que solicitó el cultivo (11 por ciento-99 por ciento), hora de la solicitud (9 por ciento-85 por ciento), solicitud completamente diligenciada (10 por ciento-68 por ciento), persona que recolectó la muestra (0 por ciento-83 por ciento), hora de recolección de la muestra (0 por ciento-77 por ciento) y, finalmente, hoja de trabajo microbiológica completa (78 por ciento-96 por ciento). El primer paso para el mejoramiento de cualquier proceso consiste en obtener y registrar la información pertinente y, para ello, la evaluación constante y la retroalimentación son fundamentales para el logro de este objetivo