Sugar before bed: a simple dietary risk factor for caries experience.

Clinical care pathways have placed renewed emphasis on caries risk assessment and the ability to predict and prevent further disease. With diet considered a key factor in the development of caries, the level of caries risk posed by dietary habits, such as the frequency of intake and timing of free sugars is questioned. OBJECTIVE: To identify reliable and simple dietary risk factors for caries experience. RESEARCH DESIGN: A cross-sectional observational study of a convenience sample with data gained from clinical examinations, questionnaire and a 24 hour dietary-recall interview. PARTICIPANTS: 128 subjects aged 11-12 from comprehensive schools in Greater Manchester and Newcastle upon-Tyne, UK. OUTCOME MEASURES: free sugars consumed between meals, before bed and total % of total free sugars consumed were assessed from dietary assessments led by a dietitian. D4-6MFT was generated with a caries threshold of ICDAS stage 4 from clinical examinations. RESULTS: Analysis revealed no significant differences in caries experience when looking specifically at caries into dentine, referred to as the cavity group (split at D4-6MFT), between high and low deprivation, consumption of free sugars between meals and free sugars (%). The consumption of free sugars within the hour before bed revealed a statistically significant difference between the cavity/no cavity groups (p=0.002). Logistic regression analysis on the cavity/no cavity groups revealed an odds ratio of 2.4 (95%CI 1.3,4.4) for free sugars consumption before bedtime. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that the consumption of free sugars before bedtime may be an important risk factor for adolescent caries into dentine experience.

Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in four English cities.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in four city-based populations using a robust photographic method with TF index reporting; and to record the aesthetic satisfaction scores of children in all four cities. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: Cross sectional epidemiological survey (surveillance). PARTICIPANTS: 1,904 children aged 11-14 years, in four English cities. INTERVENTIONS: Two cities were served by community water fluoridation schemes supplying water at 1mg/l F. The other two cities did not have water fluoridation schemes and had low levels of fluoride naturally present. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis. Scoring was undertaken using high quality digital images by a single calibrated examiner. RESULTS: Data suggest that the prevalence of fluorosis at levels greater than TF2 are broadly similar to previous studies (F 10%, NF 2%), with an apparent increase in the total number of TF1 cases across both fluoridated (41%) and non-fluoridated cities (32%) with a commensurate decrease in TF0 (F 39%, NF 63%). Data suggest that the proportion of children expressing dissatisfaction with the appearance of their teeth is the same in fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities although the reasons for this may differ. CONCLUSIONS: The levels of fluorosis that might be considered of aesthetic concern are low and stable while the increase in TF1 may be due to an increase in self- and professionally-applied fluoride products or the increased sensitivity afforded by the digital imaging system. It is not however a public health problem or concern. Further monitoring appears justified.

The impact of effective paediatric adherence promotion interventions: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the impact of effective paediatric adherence promotion interventions on patients, families and the healthcare system is necessary to inform efforts to improve healthcare quality and control costs. Building on previous research suggesting that improving adherence may have far-reaching benefits, the objective of this study was to quantify the impact of effective adherence promotion interventions for children and adolescents with a chronic medical condition on patients, families and the healthcare system. METHODS: Authors systematically reviewed articles indexed in PubMed, PsycINFO and CINAHL to identify randomized controlled trials of paediatric adherence promotion interventions. Interventions that improved paediatric adherence and examined patient-level, family-level or healthcare system-level outcomes in children and adolescents (M age ≤ 18 years) with a chronic medical condition were included. Two authors independently extracted and classified outcome variables as patient-level (quality of life and disease-related activity restrictions), micro-level (family functioning, family conflict, caregiver quality of life, caregiver sleep interruption, caregiver days away from work and patient missed school days) or macro-level variables (emergency department visits, hospitalizations, outpatient visits and urgent care visits). Outcome variables detailed in previously published reviews (i.e. disease severity) were excluded. RESULTS: Twenty studies representing 19 unique samples met inclusion criteria. An additional eight articles representing trials that did not significantly improve adherence were included in post hoc analyses. Compared with control interventions, effective paediatric adherence promotion interventions improved patient quality of life and family-level outcomes and decreased healthcare utilization among children and adolescents with a chronic medical condition. CONCLUSIONS: Interdisciplinary efforts to improve healthcare quality and reduce spending among children and adolescents with a chronic medical condition may be enhanced by incorporating effective paediatric adherence promotion interventions. As relatively few chronic medical conditions were represented in included studies, future research should examine the impact of paediatric adherence promotion interventions in other populations.

Most individuals with treated blood pressures above target receive only one or two antihypertensive drug classes.

BACKGROUND: A significant proportion of individuals taking antihypertensive therapies fail to achieve blood pressures <140/90 mmHg. In order to develop strategies for improved treatment of blood pressure, we examined the association of blood pressure control with antihypertensive therapies and clinical and lifestyle factors in a cohort of adults at increased cardiovascular risk. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 3994 adults from Melbourne and Shepparton, Australia enrolled in the SCReening Evaluation of the Evolution of New Heart Failure (SCREEN-HF) study. Inclusion criteria were age ≥60 years with one or more of self-reported ischaemic or other heart disease, atrial fibrillation, cerebrovascular disease, renal impairment or treatment for hypertension or diabetes for ≥2 years. Exclusion criteria were known heart failure or cardiac abnormality on echocardiography or other imaging. The main outcome measures were the proportion of participants receiving antihypertensive therapy with blood pressures ≥140/90 mmHg and the association of blood pressure control with antihypertensive therapies and clinical and lifestyle factors. RESULTS: Of 3623 participants (1975 men and 1648 women) receiving antihypertensive therapy, 1867 (52%) had blood pressures ≥140/90 mmHg. Of these 1867 participants, 1483 (79%) were receiving only one or two antihypertensive drug classes. Blood pressures ≥140/90 mmHg were associated with increased age, male sex, waist circumference and log amino-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels. CONCLUSIONS: Most individuals with treated blood pressures above target receive only one or two antihypertensive drug classes. Prescribing additional antihypertensive drug classes and lifestyle modification may improve blood pressure control in this population of individuals at increased cardiovascular risk.

NHS Health Checks in a primary care dental setting - an opportunity for the profession to maximise uptake for public health partners?

This opinion piece considers an opportunity for primary dental care practitioners to work in partnership with public health teams to maximise the uptake of the NHS Health Check. Public Health England and Local Authority partners remain committed to offering the NHS Health Check to those aged 40-74 years old. The programme previously explored alternative points of delivery - such as community pharmacists. This piece discusses and reflects on the efforts within Manchester to use skill mix in primary dental care services and widen access to target individuals eligible for an NHS Health Check. The pilot schemes in Manchester illustrated the willingness and enthusiasm for primary care dentists to embrace change and work alongside new partners to deliver patient benefit beyond the provision of dental care. However, substantial barriers to implementation prevented the desired level of progress.

Obstructing nasopharyngeal teratoma in the neonate. A report of two cases.

True teratomas of the nasopharynx are rare tumors of the newborn. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice. We describe two patients with this entity. The first patient has undergone follow-up for over 10 years, while the second patient was evaluated with fine-needle aspiration and magnetic resonance imaging. The advantages of these studies and alternate surgical techniques are discussed. Of interest is the fact that both patients may have had central nervous system abnormalities.

Comparison of tympanic membrane-recorded electrocochleography and the auditory brainstem response in threshold determination.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of electrocochleography (ECoG) recorded with a tympanic membrane electrode as an adjunctive measure to auditory brainstem response (ABR) in frequency-specific threshold estimation. In a group of 10 normally hearing and 10 sensorineural hearing-impaired subjects, ABR and ECoG were simultaneously recorded in response to tone-burst stimuli centered at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz. At each frequency, stimulus intensity was reduced in 12-dB decrements from an initial level of 110 dB SPL until no replicable response could be discerned. Electrocochleography and ABR thresholds were determined at each frequency, and correlation to behavioral audiometric threshold was determined. Input/output functions were also computed. At 2000 and 4000 Hz, both ABR and ECoG thresholds correlated with behavioral audiometric threshold. At 1000 Hz, ABR threshold correlated with behavioral audiometric threshold; ECoG did not. At 500 Hz, neither ABR nor ECoG threshold correlated with behavioral audiometric threshold. Input/output functions were steeper for ECoG than for ABR at all frequencies tested in the normally hearing group.

Erythropoietin reduces anemia and transfusions after chemotherapy with paclitaxel and carboplatin.

BACKGROUND: The authors report on anemia observed during preoperative paclitaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy in patients with advanced head and neck carcinoma and discuss how the use of recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) ameliorates this anemia, reducing the need for subsequent packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusions. METHODS: Response to r-HuEPO was defined as reduced hemoglobin fall during preoperative chemotherapy and reduced transfusion requirements during surgery. Thirty-six patients with advanced head and neck carcinoma were evaluable after treatment with preoperative chemotherapy using paclitaxel and carboplatin. Group 1 was comprised of 14 patients who empirically received r-HuEPO at a dose of 150 U/kg 3 times per week for 3 weeks; in patients deemed nonresponders, the dose was increased to 300 U/kg and 450 U/kg in the subsequent courses. Group 2 was comprised of 22 patients who did not receive r-HuEPO. RESULTS: During preoperative chemotherapy, the mean hemoglobin fall was 0.5 g/dL in Group 1 (P = 0.40). In Group 2 there was a statistically significant mean hemoglobin fall of 3.3 g/dL (P < 0.0001). There was also a nonstatistically significant trend toward fewer PRBC transfusions: none of 14 patients (0%) in Group 1 versus 4 of 22 patients (18%) in Group 2 (P = 0.141). CONCLUSIONS: A significant fall in hemoglobin and an increase in the need for transfusions were observed in head and neck carcinoma patients receiving carboplatin and paclitaxel chemotherapy prior to surgery. Empiric r-HuEPO therapy appeared to prevent anemia and reduced the need for PRBC transfusions.