Investigating a Causal Relationship Between Diabetes Mellitus and Oropharyngeal Cancer: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

OBJECTIVE: Previous observational studies reported an association of diabetes mellitus (DM) with oropharyngeal cancer (OPC), however, the potential causality of the association between them remains unclear. METHODS: To explore this causal relationship in individuals of European descent, a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of DM was used to represent the exposure factor (T1DM: n = 24,840; T2DM: n = 215,654), and GWAS of OPC represented the outcome (n = 3,448). RESULTS: Forty-one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to T1DM and fifty-four SNPs related to T2DM were identified as effective instrumental variables (IVs) in the two-sample MR analyses. In IVW estimates, neither T1DM nor T2DM significantly contributed to an increased risk of OPC [T1DM: OR 1.0322 (95% CI 0.9718, 1.0963), P = 0.3033; T2DM: OR 0.9998 (95% CI 0.9995, 1.0002), P = 0.2858]. Four other regression models produced similar results. MR-Egger regression results [Cochran's Q statistic was 47.1544 (P = 0.1466) in T1DM, and 35.5084 (P = 0.9512) in T2DM] suggested no horizontal pleiotropy between IVs and outcomes. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest little evidence to support the genetic role of diabetes mellitus in OPC development in the European population.

Evaluation of contemporary olanzapine- and netupitant/palonosetron-containing antiemetic regimens for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

INTRODUCTION: This post-hoc analysis retrospectively assessed data from two recent studies of antiemetic regimens for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). The primary objective was to compare olanzapine-based versus netupitant/palonosetron (NEPA)-based regimens in terms of controlling CINV during cycle 1 of doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (AC) chemotherapy; secondary objectives were to assess quality of life (QOL) and emesis outcomes over four cycles of AC. METHODS: This study included 120 Chinese patients with early-stage breast cancer who were receiving AC; 60 patients received the olanzapine-based antiemetic regimen, whereas 60 patients received the NEPA-based antiemetic regimen. The olanzapine-based regimen comprised aprepitant, ondansetron, dexamethasone, and olanzapine; the NEPA-based regimen comprised NEPA and dexamethasone. Patient outcomes were compared in terms of emesis control and QOL. RESULTS: During cycle 1 of AC, the olanzapine group exhibited a higher rate of 'no use of rescue therapy' in the acute phase (olanzapine vs NEPA: 96.7% vs 85.0%, P=0.0225). No parameters differed between groups in the delayed phase. The olanzapine group had significantly higher rates of 'no use of rescue therapy' (91.7% vs 76.7%, P=0.0244) and 'no significant nausea' (91.7% vs 78.3%, P=0.0408) in the overall phase. There were no differences in QOL between groups. Multiple cycle assessment revealed that the NEPA group had higher rates of total control in the acute phase (cycles 2 and 4) and the overall phase (cycles 3 and 4). CONCLUSION: These results do not conclusively support the superiority of either regimen for patients with breast cancer who are receiving AC.

Improved risk stratification of nasopharyngeal cancer by targeted sequencing of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in post-treatment plasma.

BACKGROUND: Quantitative measurement of plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA by real-time PCR at the end of primary treatment is a robust prognostic marker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients. However, up to 40% of patients who would later develop disease recurrence had undetectable post-treatment plasma EBV DNA. Targeted sequencing for the entire EBV genome potentially allows a more comprehensive and unbiased detection of plasma EBV DNA and enables the use of other parameters such as fragment size as biomarkers. Hence, we explored if plasma EBV DNA sequencing might allow more accurate prognostication of NPC patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Plasma samples collected from 769 patients with stage IIB-IVB NPC at 6-8 weeks after radiotherapy were analysed using targeted sequencing for EBV DNA. RESULTS: The sensitivities of the PCR-based analysis, at a cut-off of any detectable levels of plasma EBV DNA, for prediction of local and distant recurrences were 42.3% and 85.3%, respectively. The sequencing-based analysis (involving quantitation and size profiling) achieved better performance for both local and distant recurrences than PCR. Using a cut-off of the proportion of plasma EBV DNA deduced by sequencing at 0.01%, the sensitivities of the sequencing-based analysis for local and distant recurrences were 88.5% and 97.1%, with the resultant negative predictive values of 99.1% and 99.4%, respectively. Among patients with undetectable EBV DNA on quantitative PCR, sequencing could further define a subgroup that enjoyed superior survival outcomes based on the proportion of plasma EBV DNA, with a 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) approaching 90%. On multivariate analysis, sequencing-based quantitative level of plasma EBV DNA was the independent prognostic factor with the highest hazard ratio for prediction of overall survival and PFS. CONCLUSION: NPC prognostication using post-treatment plasma EBV DNA could be enhanced through sequencing.

Lacosamide in monotherapy in BTRE (brain tumor-related epilepsy): results from an Italian multicenter retrospective study.

PURPOSE: Lacosamide (LCM) is a third-generation anti-seizure medication (ASM) approved for focal onset epilepsy in patients aged ≥ 4.378 Previous studies have reported an efficacy of LCM as add-on treatment in brain tumor-related epilepsy (BTRE). To date, there are no studies in the literature focusing on lacosamide used in monotherapy to treat BTRE. In our retrospective study we investigated efficacy and tolerability of LCM in monotherapy in a multicenter national cohort of primary brain tumor patients. METHODS: We collected from 12 Italian Centers 132 patients with primary brain tumors who were treated with LCM in monotherapy. For each patient we evaluated seizure freedom at 3 and 6 months (primary endpoints), side effects and drop-out rate (secondary endpoints). RESULTS: Overall, LCM led to seizure freedom in 64.4% of patients at 3 months and 55% at 6 months. Patients who used two or more ASMs before LCM had a worse seizure control than patients in monotherapy with LCM as first choice. In 14 patients, we observed seizure control despite tumor progression on magnetic resonance (MRI). Multivariate analysis showed that gross-total resection at diagnosis was significantly associated with higher seizure freedom rate at 6 months. Side effects were mainly mild (grade 1-2 according to CTCAE classification) and drop-out rate was low (1.5%). Main side effects were dizziness and somnolence. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study showing a good efficacy and tolerability of LCM when used in monotherapy in BTRE. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these preliminary data, investigating also quality of life and neurocognitive functions.

Prognostic implication of the neoadjuvant rectal score and other biomarkers of clinical outcome in Hong Kong Chinese patients with locally advanced rectal cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is a standard treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer, for which pathological complete response is typically used as a surrogate survival endpoint. Neoadjuvant rectal score is a new biomarker that has been shown to correlate with survival. The main objectives of this study were to investigate factors contributing to pathological complete response, to validate the prognostic significance of neoadjuvant rectal score, and to investigate factors associated with a lower neoadjuvant rectal score in a cohort of Hong Kong Chinese. METHODS: Data of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer who received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy from August 2006 to October 2018 were retrieved from hospital records and retrospectively analysed. RESULTS: Of 193 patients who had optimal response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery, tumour down-staging was the only independent prognostic factor that predicted pathological complete response (P<0.0001). Neoadjuvant rectal score was associated with overall survival (hazard ratio [HR]=1.042, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.021-1.064; P<0.0001), disease-free survival (HR=1.042, 95% CI=1.022-1.062; P<0.0001), locoregional recurrence-free survival (HR=1.070, 95% CI=1.039-1.102; P<0.0001) and distant recurrence-free survival (HR=1.034, 95% CI=1.012-1.056; P=0.002). Patients who had pathological complete response were associated with a lower neoadjuvant rectal score (P<0.0001), but pathological complete response was not associated with survival. For patients with intermediate neoadjuvant rectal scores, late recurrences beyond 72 months from diagnosis were observed. CONCLUSION: Neoadjuvant rectal score is an independent prognostic marker of survival and disease recurrence in a cohort of Hong Kong Chinese patients who received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer.

Integrating postradiotherapy plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA and TNM stage for risk stratification of nasopharyngeal carcinoma to adjuvant therapy.

BACKGROUND: After curative radiotherapy (RT) or chemoradiation (CRT), there is no validated tool to accurately identify patients for adjuvant therapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Post-RT circulating plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA can detect minimal residual disease and is associated with recurrence and survival independent of TNM (tumor-lymph node-metastasis) stage. We aimed to develop and validate a risk model for stratification of NPC patients after completion of RT/CRT to observation or adjuvant therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The prospective multicenter 0502 EBV DNA screening cohort (Hong Kong NPC Study Group 0502 trial) enrolled from 2006 to 2015 (n = 745) was used for model development. For internal validation, we pooled independent patient cohorts from prospective clinical studies enrolled from 1997 to 2006 (n = 340). For external validation, we used retrospective cohort of NPC patients treated at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center from 2009 to 2012 (n = 837). Eligible patients had histologically confirmed NPC of Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) 7th Edition stage II-IVB who completed curative RT/CRT with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy, had post-RT EBV DNA tested within 120 days after RT and received no adjuvant therapy. The primary end point was overall survival (OS). We used recursive-partitioning analysis (RPA) to classify patients into groups of low, intermediate, and high risk of death. RESULTS: Combining post-RT EBV DNA level (0, 1-49, 50-499, and ≥500 copies/ml) and TNM stage (II, III, IVAB), RPA model classified patients into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups with 5-year OS of 89.4%, 78.5% and 37.2%, respectively. The RPA low-risk group had comparable OS to TNM stage II (5-year OS 88.5%) but identified more patients (64.8% versus stage II 28.1%) that could potentially be spared adjuvant therapy toxicity. The RPA model (c-index 0.712) showed better risk discrimination than either the TNM stage (0.604) or post-RT EBV DNA alone (0.675) with improved calibration and consistence. These results were validated in both internal and external cohorts. CONCLUSION: Combining post-RT EBV DNA and TNM stage improved risk stratification in NPC.

MRI of benign hyperplasia in the nasopharynx: is there an association with Epstein-Barr virus?

AIM: To evaluate whether there is an association between persistently positive plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA and the presence and the change in benign hyperplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and seventeen participants with positive-plasma EBV-DNA, but without NPC from previous nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) screening, underwent follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and plasma EBV-DNA after 2 years. Logistic regression was used to analyse associations between MRI (benign hyperplasia on the follow-up MRI and change from 2 years earlier), and plasma EBV-DNA, smoking, and age. RESULTS: At follow-up, EBV-DNA positivity and smoking were independent parameters for the presence of benign hyperplasia (p=0.027 and 0.023 respectively). Compared with participants in whom EBV-DNA became negative (n=44/117 37.6%), those in whom EBV-DNA remained positive (n=73/117 62.4%) had a greater risk of benign hyperplasia developing (previous MRI normal), being stable or processing (52/73 71.2% versus 18/44 40.9%; p=0.001). CONCLUSION: These results suggest a potential link between benign hyperplasia on MRI and the EBV. As EBV contributes to NPC oncogenesis, future MRI research is warranted to determine if persistent benign hyperplasia is a risk marker for development of NPC.

Correction to: Rehmanniae Radix Preparata suppresses bone loss and increases bone strength through interfering with canonical Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway in OVX rats.

There was a mistake in the part of OVX rats model and RRP intervention in the original publication.

Rehmanniae Radix Preparata suppresses bone loss and increases bone strength through interfering with canonical Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway in OVX rats.

Rehmanniae Radix Preparata (RRP) improves bone quality in OVX rats through the regulation of bone homeostasis via increasing osteoblastogenesis and decreasing osteoclastogenesis, suggesting it has a potential for the development of new anti-osteoporotic drugs. INTRODUCTION: Determine the anti-osteoporotic effect of RRP in ovariectomized (OVX) rats and identify the signaling pathway involved in this process. METHODS: OVX rats were treated with RRP aqueous extract for 14 weeks. The serum levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) were determined by ELISA. Bone histopathological alterations were evaluated by H&E, Alizarin red S, and Safranin O staining. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone microstructure in rat femurs and lumbar bones were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and micro-computed tomography. Femoral bone strength was detected by a three-point bending assay. The expression of Phospho-glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (p-GSK-3ß), GSK-3ß, Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1), cathepsin K, OPG, RANKL, IGF-1, Runx2, ß-catenin, and p-ß-catenin was determined by western blot and/or immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: Treatment of OVX rats with RRP aqueous extract rebuilt bone homeostasis demonstrated by increasing the levels of OPG as well as decreasing the levels of TRAP, RANKL, and ALP in serum. Furthermore, RRP treatment preserved BMD and mechanical strength by increasing cortical bone thickness and epiphyseal thickness as well as improving trabecular distribution in the femurs of OVX rats. In addition, RRP downregulated the expression of DKK1, sclerostin, RANKL, cathepsin K, and the ratio of p-ß-catenin to ß-catenin, along with upregulating the expression of IGF-1, ß-catenin, and Runx2 and the ratio of p-GSK-3ß to GSK-3ß in the tibias and femurs of OVX rats. Echinacoside, jionoside A1/A2, acetoside, isoacetoside, jionoside B1, and jionoside B2 were identified in the RRP aqueous extract. CONCLUSION: RRP attenuates bone loss and improves bone quality in OVX rats partly through its regulation of the canonical Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway, suggesting that RRP has the potential to provide a new source of anti-osteoporotic drugs.

The value of detecting pepsinogen and gastrin-17 levels in serum for pre-cancerous lesion screening in gastric cancer.

The aim of the study was to estimate the value of detecting pepsinogen (PG) I, PGII, and gastrin-17 (G-17) levels in serum for chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) screening and to determine the clinical applicability of combined measurement of serum G-17, pepsinogens (PGI, PGII) and PGI/PGII ratio (PGR) as a screening test for CAG. The PGI, PGII, and G-17 levels were detected by ELISA in 68 patients with CAG and 86 healthy volunteers who underwent gastroscopy for gastroduodenal diseases at Taizhou Municipal Hospital between January 2016 and December 2016. Concentrations of all measured serum markers were lower in patients with CAG in comparison to healthy volunteers and achieved statistical significance (P<0.01) in PGI (93.25 vs 126.98) and PGR (12.67 vs 17.09). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed the optimal cut-off values for PGI, PGII, PGR, and G-17 at 98.10 µg/l, 6.92 ng/l, 15.77 and 1.94 pmol/l, with sensitivities of 72.10%, 58.10%, 61.60%, and 59.30% and specificities of 61.8%, 51.50%, 77.90%, and 55.90%, respectively. The areas under the curve (AUCs) of PGI, PGR, and G-17 were 0.728, 0.726, and 0.556, respectively. The increase of AUC was observed only in PGR and G-17 combination (0.741) with increased sensitivity (69.10% vs 61.60%) of screening for CAG, whereas the specificity was reduced (72.10% vs 77.90%) in comparison to PGR alone. Combination of serum indicators can raise the diagnosis accuracy of CAG in some respects. However, further research including a larger sample size is necessary in order to accurately determine the sensitivity and specificity of combined detection of serum indicators.

Staging nodal metastases in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: which method should be used to measure nodal dimension on MRI?

AIM: To investigate four methods to measure the maximum dimension (MD) of metastatic neck nodes and correlate with clinical outcome in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations of 712 NPC patients were analysed. MD measurements using methods 1, 2, 3, and 4 were obtained from a single node in the axial plane; a single node in the axial/coronal plane; a single and/or confluent nodes in the axial/coronal plane; and a single and/or confluent and/or contiguous nodes in the axial/coronal plane, respectively. MDs obtained from the four methods were correlated with nodal volume (NV) using Pearson's correlation test. MDs obtained from the four methods, T and N stages, age, gender, and treatment were correlated with overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), distant metastases free survival (DMFS), and regional relapse-free survival (RRFS) using cox regression. RESULTS: Method 4 (R: 0.84) had the strongest correlation with NV followed by method 3 (R: 0.77), method 2 (R: 0.70) and method 1(R: 0.69). Method 4 was the only independent nodal measurement of OS, DSS, and DMFS (p-values = 0.008, <0.001 and <0.001, respectively). None of the MD methods was an independent measurement of RRFS. CONCLUSIONS: The best method to obtain the MD for staging incorporates not only single and confluent, but also contiguous metastatic nodes measured in the plane with the MD.

Efficacy and tolerability of trastuzumab emtansine in advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer.

INTRODUCTION: The management of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer has changed dramatically with the introduction and widespread use of HER2-targeted therapies. There is, however, relatively limited real-world information about the effectiveness and safety of trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) in Hong Kong Chinese patients. We assessed the efficacy and toxicity profiles among local patients with HER2-positive advanced breast cancer who had received T-DM1 therapy in the second-line setting and beyond. METHODS: This retrospective study involved five local centres that provide service for over 80% of the breast cancer population in Hong Kong. The study period was from December 2013 to December 2015. Patients were included if they had recurrent or metastatic histologically confirmed HER2+ breast cancer who had progressed after at least one line of anti-HER2 therapy including trastuzumab. Patients were excluded if they received T-DM1 as first-line treatment for recurrent or metastatic HER2+ breast cancer. Patient charts including biochemical and haematological profiles were reviewed for background information, T-DM1 response, and toxicity data. Adverse events were documented during chemotherapy and 28 days after the last dose of medication. RESULTS: Among 37 patients being included in this study, 28 (75.7%) had two or more lines of anti-HER2 agents and 26 (70.3%) had received two or more lines of palliative chemotherapy. Response assessment revealed that three (8.1%) patients had a complete response, eight (21.6%) a partial response, 11 (29.7%) a stable disease, and 12 (32.4%) a progressive disease; three patients could not be assessed. The median duration of response was 17.3 (95% confidence interval, 8.4-24.8) months. The clinical benefit rate (complete response + partial response + stable disease, ≥12 weeks) was 37.8% (95% confidence interval, 22.2%-53.5%). The median progression-free survival was 6.0 (95% confidence interval, 3.3- 9.8) months and the median overall survival had not been reached by the data cut-off date. Grade 3 or 4 toxicities included thrombocytopaenia (13.5%), raised alanine transaminase (8.1%), anaemia (5.4%), and hypokalaemia (2.7%). No patient died as a result of toxicities. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with HER2-positive advanced breast cancer who have been heavily pretreated with anti-HER2 agents and cytotoxic chemotherapy, T-DM1 is well tolerated and provided a meaningful progression-free survival of 6 months and an overall survival that has not been reached. Further studies to identify appropriate patient subgroups are warranted.

Identifying an early indicator of drug efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer-a prospective evaluation of circulating tumor cells, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography and the RECIST criteria.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the predictive and prognostic significance of assessing early drug response with both positron-emission computerized tomography (PET-CT) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients receiving first-line chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligible patients had PET-CT and CTC analysis at baseline and 4-6 weeks after starting chemotherapy, and then a CT scan at 10-12 weeks to assess the Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) response. Early response was defined as achieving a dual-endpoint consisting of PET-CT (30% drop in the sum of maximum standard uptake values-SUVmax-of target lesions) and CTC response (CTC < 3 cells/7.5 ml blood) at 4-6 weeks after starting chemotherapy. RESULTS: About 84 patients were enrolled with a median follow-up of 32.9 months (95% confidence interval, CI, 24.5 months-not reached, NR), and 70 patients (84.3%) completed all assessments. Achieving an early response based on the dual-endpoint was independently associated with progression-free survival (hazard ratio, HR = 0.452, 95% CI 0.267-0.765). The median progression-free survival of early responders was 7.41 months (95% CI, 6.05-9.11) compared with 5.37 months (95% CI, 4.68-6.24) in non-responders (log-rank, P = 0.0167). RECIST response at 10 weeks was independently associated with overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.484, 95% CI, 0.275-0.852). Early response based on the dual-endpoint could predict the subsequent RECIST response with a sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of 64%, 70% and 74%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Early response based on both PET-CT and CTC analysis has prognostic and probably predictive significance in patients undergoing first-line chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. Its utility as a new tool for assessing early drug response should be further validated.

Adjuvant S-1 chemotherapy after curative resection of gastric cancer in Chinese patients: assessment of treatment tolerability and associated risk factors.

INTRODUCTION: The use of adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 (tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil potassium) has been shown to improve the outcome of patients with gastric cancer. There are limited data on the tolerability of S-1 in Chinese patients. In this multicentre retrospective study, we assessed the toxicity profile in local patients. METHODS: Patients with stage II-IIIC gastric adenocarcinoma who had undergone curative resection and who had received S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy were included in the study. Patient demographics, tumour characteristics, chemotherapy records, as well as biochemical, haematological, and other toxicity profiles were extracted from medical charts. Potential factors associated with grade 2-4 toxicities were identified. RESULTS: Adjuvant S-1 was administered to 30 patients. Overall, 19 (63%) patients completed eight cycles. The most common grade 3-4 adverse events included neutropaenia (10%), anaemia (6.7%), septic episode (16.7%), diarrhoea (6.7%), hyperbilirubinaemia (6.7%), and syncope (6.7%). Dose reductions were made in 22 (73.3%) patients and 12 (40.0%) patients had dose delays. Univariate analyses showed that patients who underwent total gastrectomy were more likely to experience adverse haematological events (P=0.034). Patients with nodal involvement were more likely to report adverse non-haematological events (P=0.031). Patients with a history of regular alcohol intake were more likely to have earlier treatment withdrawal (P=0.044). Lower body weight (P=0.007) and lower body surface area (P=0.017) were associated with dose interruptions. CONCLUSIONS: The tolerability of adjuvant S-1 in our patient population was similar to that in other Asian patient populations. The awareness of S-1-related toxicities and increasing knowledge of potential associated factors may enable optimisation of S-1 therapy.

Clinical outcome of neoadjuvant chemoradiation in locally advanced rectal cancer at a tertiary hospital.

OBJECTIVES: To review the clinical outcome of locally advanced rectal cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by definitive surgery with or without adjuvant chemotherapy and to elucidate the prognostic factors for treatment outcome. METHODS: This historical cohort study was conducted at a tertiary public hospital in Hong Kong. All patients who had undergone neoadjuvant chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal cancer in our department from November 2005 to October 2014 were recruited. Local recurrence-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival, disease-free survival, and overall survival of patients were documented. RESULTS: A total of 135 patients who had received neoadjuvant chemoradiation during the study period were reviewed. There were 130 patients who had completed neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery. The median follow-up time was 35.1 months. The 3- and 5-year local recurrence-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival, disease-free survival, as well as overall survival rates were 91.8% and 86.7%, 73.9% and 72.1%, 70.1% and 64.6%, as well as 86.5% and 68.4%, respectively. The rate of pathological complete response was 13.8%. The T and N downstaging rate was 49.2% and 63.1%, respectively. The rate of conversion from threatened circumferential resection margin to clearance of margin was 90.6%. Of the 42 cases that were initially deemed to require abdominal perineal resection, 15 (35.7%) were converted to sphincter-sparing surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment outcome of neoadjuvant chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal cancer was comparable with overseas data in terms of local control rate and overall survival. This strategy may increase the chance of achieving a clear surgical margin by downstaging the tumour, especially in patients who presented with threatened circumferential margin.

[Changes in levels of human nutritious metabolites after exposure to abnormal acceleration of sea state].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes in the levels of human blood nutritious metabolites and its major regulating factors after exposure to abnormal acceleration of sea state, and to provide clues for further investigating the mechanism of fatigue due to maritime operations. METHODS: Using randomly sampling method, 60 healthy male adults from one troop were selected as the subjects on April 20, 2010. All subjects were exposed to six degrees of freedom motion simulator ship for 15 min. Their blood samples were collected before and after exposure to abnormal acceleration immediately. The metabolomic technology was used to measure the levels of nutritious metabolites in the serum. Enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay or radioimmunoassay was used to measure the levels of glucocorticoids, adrenaline, insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, resistin, leptin, and gastric inhibitory peptide. RESULTS: After exposure to abnormal acceleration, the subjects showed significant decreases in the levels of serum essential amino acids, such as L-lysine[(23.63±8.24)×10(6) vs(32.83±13.58)×10(6), P<0.05], L-methionine[(4.16±1.12)×10(6) vs(5.80±1.69)×10(6), P<0.05], and L-tryptophan[(29.38±8.56)×10(6) vs (35.93±11.82)×10(6), P<0.05], and the levels of some non-essential amino acids, such as L-histidine[(1.69±0.55)×10(6) vs(2.16±0.92)×10(6), P<0.05] and 4-hydroxy- L-proline[(3.21±1.50)× 10(6) vs (7.92±4.79)×10(6), P<0.05]. After exposure to abnormal acceleration, the subjects had significant increases in the levels of serum carbohydrate metabolites, such as glucose[(2412.40±700.36)×10(6) vs(1939.30±554.33)×10(6), P< 0.05] and pyruvic acid[(9.97±5.96)×10(6) vs(2.43±1.34)×10(6), P<0.05], and the levels of fat metabolites, such as ß-hydroxybutyric acid[(37.47±60.21)×10(6) vs(10.29±20.64)×10(6), P<0.05], oleic acid[(31.94±30.39)×10(6) vs (15.94±10.37)×10(6), P<0.05], and linoleic acid[(26.19±19.16)× 10(6) vs (13.58±6.29)× 10(6), P<0.05]. After exposure to abnormal acceleration, the subjects had significant increases in the levels of serum glucocorticoids [(743.63±129.06)nmol/L vs (539.66±155.58)nmol/L, P<0.05], adrenaline[(725.04±367.08)pmol/L vs (482.58±194.97)pmol/L, P<0.05], glucagon[(5.85±1.57)pmol/L vs(5.18±1.64)pmol/L, P<0.05], and ghrelin[(62.55±32.34)pmol/L vs (40.47±22.18)pmol/L, P<0.05], and decreases in the levels of serum insulin[(107.41±21.09)pmol/L vs(150.89±48.65)pmol/L, P<0.05], gastric inhibitory peptide[(41.05±17.91)pmol/L vs(170.34±82.64) pmol/L, P<0.05], leptin[(25.62±21.75)nmol/L vs (46.50±27.40)nmol/L, P<0.05], and resistin[(209.24±107.65)nmol/L vs (535.04±263.13)nmol/L, P<0.05]. CONCLUSION: After exposure to abnormal acceleration of sea state, the levels of serum nutritious metabolites show significant changes and the levels of fatigue-associated products, such as serum pyruvic acid, increase significantly, which may be related to induced stress response and changes in the levels of metabolic regulators.

Icariin may benefit the mesenchymal stem cells of patients with steroid-associated osteonecrosis by ABCB1-promoter demethylation: a preliminary study.

UNLABELLED: In this study, we found out a previously undefined function of icariin which restored the dynamic balance between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in patients with osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH) via ABCB1-promoter demethylation. These findings provided important information regarding potential implication of icariin targeting epigenetic changes for the treatment of steroid -associated ONFH. INTRODUCTION: Here, we investigated whether icariin can also exert a beneficial role in the reactivation of MSCs in the patients with steroid-associated ONFH via ABCB1-promoter demethylation. METHODS: Bone marrow was collected from the proximal femur in patients with steroid-associated ONFH (n = 20) and patients with new femoral neck fractures (n = 22), and then MSCs were isolated. We investigated cell viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity, the transcript levels of ABCB1 and oxidative stress-related genes, methylation extent at CpG islands of ABCB1 promoter, and osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation ability of MSCs from the femoral neck fractures group and from the steroid-associated ONFH group treated with or without icariin. RESULTS: We observed that MSCs from the steroid-associated ONFH group showed reduced proliferation ability, elevated ROS level, depressed MMP, weakened osteogenesis, and enhanced adipogenesis while low P-gp activity, transcription level of ABCB1, and oxidative stress-related genes as well as aberrant CpG islands hypermethylation of ABCB1 were also noted in steroid-associated ONFH group. Treatment with icariin obviously induced de novo P-gp expression, decreased oxidative stress, and promoted osteogenesis. CONCLUSION: Icariin may be a potential drug targeting epigenetic changes for the treatment of steroid-associated ONFH.

Plasma Epstein-Barr viral DNA load at midpoint of radiotherapy course predicts outcome in advanced-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: To test the hypothesis that prognostication of treatment outcome is feasible by biomarker response at midcourse of chemoradiotherapy (CRT)/radiotherapy (RT), with respect to the plasma load of Epstein-Barr viral (EBV) DNA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred seven patients with stage IIB-IV NPC were prospectively studied. Plasma EBV DNA load was measured by quantitative PCR before therapy (pre-DNA), at completion of 4 weeks of CRT/RT (mid-DNA), and within 3 months of completion of therapy (post-DNA). The end points are post-DNA load, a recognized surrogate of survival, and clinical outcome. RESULTS: Ninety-three percent of patients had detectable EBV DNA before therapy (median load = 972 copies/ml). EBV DNA became undetectable in 55 (51%) patients at the end of week 4 of therapy. Detectable mid-DNA was associated with worse clinical outcome (median follow-up time, 6.2 years), for distant failure [hazard ratio (HR) 12.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.78-51.93; P < 0.0001], progression-free survival (PFS; HR 4.05, 95% CI 1.89-8.67, P < 0.0001), and overall survival (OS; HR 3.29, 95% CI 1.37-7.90, P = 0.0077). Seventy-four percent of all failures were associated with detectable mid-DNA, whereas 34% of all failures were associated with detectable post-DNA. Stratification by tumor stage (IIB, III, IV) has no significant prognostic effect. CONCLUSIONS: Unfavorable EBV DNA response at midcourse of RT/CRT is an adverse prognosticator for treatment outcome, is linked to majority of all failures, and discriminates outcome better than tumor stage. The data could provide a basis for trial design that addresses alteration of therapy intensity during the latter phase of CRT, and adjuvant therapy. Validation studies are awaited.

Volumetric measurement to evaluate treatment response to induction chemotherapy on MRI outperformed RECIST guideline in outcome prediction in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Treatment response evaluated by tumour size change is an important indicator for outcome prediction. Advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (adNPC) grows irregularly, and so the unidimensional measurement may not be accurately applied to adNPC for outcome prediction. This study aimed to evaluate values of unidimensional and volumetric measurements for treatment response to induction chemotherapy (IC) for outcome prediction in adNPC and compared the values with that of RECIST 1.1 guideline. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pre-treatment and post-IC magnetic resonance images (MRIs) from 124 patients with stage III-IVA NPC were retrospectively reviewed. Sums of the maximum unidimensional diameters (D) and volumes of the targeted tumours (primary tumour and two largest metastatic lymph nodes) on the pre- (Dpre and Vpre) and post-IC MRIs (Dpost-IC and Vpost-IC) and percentage changes in D (Δ D%) and V (ΔV%) between two scans were calculated and correlated with disease-free survival (DFS), locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRRFS), and distant metastases-free survival (DMFS) using Cox regression analysis. Area under the curves (AUCs) of independent measurements and RECIST groups (RECIST response and non-response groups) for predicting disease recurrence, locoregional recurrence, and distant metastases, respectively, were calculated and compared using the DeLong test. RESULTS: Univariable analysis showed correlations between high Dpost-IC with poor DFS and DMFS (P < 0.05), but not with LRRFS (P = 0.07); high Vpost-IC and low ΔV% (less decrease in volume on post-IC) with poor DFS, LRRFS, and DMFS (P < 0.05); and no correlations between Dpre, ΔD%, and Vpre and the outcomes (P > 0.05). Multivariable analysis showed that ΔV% was the only independent measurement for outcomes (P < 0.05). Compared with RECIST groups, ΔV% of 47.9% (median value) showed a higher AUC for disease recurrence (0.682 versus 0.526, P < 0.01) and for locoregional recurrence (0.782 versus 0.585, P < 0.01), but not for distant metastases (0.593 versus 0.518, P = 0.26). CONCLUSIONS: Volumetric measurement to evaluate treatment response to IC outperformed unidimensional measurement and RECIST guideline in outcome prediction in adNPC.

Quantitatively biomechanical response analysis of posterior musculature reconstruction in cervical single-door laminoplasty.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The current trend of laminoplasty is developing toward the goal of muscle preservation and minimum tissue damage. Given this, muscle-preserving techniques in cervical single-door laminoplasty have been modified with protecting the spinous processes at the sites of C2 and/or C7 muscle attachment and reconstruct the posterior musculature in recent years. To date, no study has reported the effect of preserving the posterior musculature during the reconstruction. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the biomechanical effect of multiple modified single-door laminoplasty procedures for restoring stability and reducing response level on the cervical spine. METHODS: Different cervical laminoplasty models were established for evaluating kinematics and response simulations based on a detailed finite element (FE) head-neck active model (HNAM), including ① C3 - C7 laminoplasty (LP_C37), ② C3 - C6 laminoplasty with C7 spinous process preservation (LP_C36), ③ C3 laminectomy hybrid decompression with C4 - C6 laminoplasty (LT_C3 + LP_C46) and ④ C3 - C7 laminoplasty with unilateral musculature preservation (LP_C37 + UMP). The laminoplasty model was validated by the global range of motion (ROM) and percentage changes relative to the intact state. The C2 - T1 ROM, axial muscle tensile force, and stress/strain levels of functional spinal units were compared among the different laminoplasty groups. The obtained effects were further analysed by comparison with a review of clinical data on cervical laminoplasty scenarios. RESULTS: Analysis of the locations of concentration of muscle load showed that the C2 muscle attachment sustained more tensile loading than the C7 muscle attachment, primarily in flexion-extension (FE) and in lateral bending (LB) and axial rotation (AR), respectively. Simulated results further quantified that LP_C36 primarily produced 10% decreases in LB and AR modes relative to LP_C37. Compared with LP_C36, LT_C3 + LP_C46 resulted in approximately 30% decreases in FE motion; LP C37 + UMP also showed a similar trend. Additionally, when compared to LP_C37, LT_C3 + LP_C46 and LP C37 + UMP reduced the peak stress level at the intervertebral disc by at most 2-fold as well as the peak strain level of the facet joint capsule by 2-3-fold. All these findings were well correlated with the result of clinical studies comparing modified laminoplasty and classic laminoplasty. CONCLUSIONS: Modified muscle-preserving laminoplasty is superior to classic laminoplasty due to the biomechanical effect of the posterior musculature reconstruction, with a retained postoperative ROM and loading response levels of the functional spinal units. More motion-sparing is beneficial for increasing cervical stability, which probably accelerates the recovery of postoperative neck movement and reduces the risk of the complication for eventual kyphosis and axial pain. Surgeons are encouraged to make every effort to preserve the attachment of the C2 whenever feasible in laminoplasty.