The effectiveness of pretreatment video-based psychoeducation for patients with breast cancer.

OBJECTIVES: This study confirms the effectiveness of pretreatment video-based psychoeducation on stress management and relaxation in reducing depression, anxiety, and uncertainty among patients with breast cancer. METHODS: We conducted a nonrandomized trial with 86 pretreatment patients with breast cancer who were divided equally into intervention and control groups, and stratified according to cancer stages and patient ages. Omitting the excluded participants, 35 intervention group and 36 control group participants were asked to complete the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Universal Uncertainty in Illness Scale (UUIS) before the psychoeducational intervention (baseline, hereafter "BL ") as well as 1 and 3 months later. Then, a 2 group (intervention and control groups) × 3 time points (BL and 1 and 3 months post-intervention) mixed models repeated measures (MMRM) analysis was implemented. RESULTS: Analysis confirmed interaction between 2 group × 3 time points for depression, anxiety, and UUIS. Multiple comparisons revealed that each score in the intervention group was significantly lower 1 and 3 months post-intervention compared to BL. Meanwhile, in the control group, the depression score was significantly higher at 3 months post-intervention compared to pre-intervention. The anxiety scores and UUIS of the same group were not significantly different between 1 and 3 months post-intervention. The effect size values 3 months post-intervention were -0.57 for depression, -0.25 for anxiety, and 0.05 for uncertainty. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: Pretreatment psychoeducation reduced depression, anxiety, and uncertainty in the intervention group of patients with breast cancer compared to the control group. The effect sizes at 3 months post-intervention were moderate for depression and small for anxiety. These results suggest the effectiveness of psychoeducation for patients with breast cancer, using videos on stress management and relaxation, early at the pretreatment stage.

Lymphocyte-Monocyte Ratio Significantly Predicts Recurrence in Papillary Thyroid Cancer.

BACKGROUND: A growing body of evidences shows that systemic inflammatory responses are involved in patient prognosis in multiple cancers. Combinations of peripheral leukocyte fractions have been shown to be useful markers for the inflammatory responses. However, significance of such systemic inflammatory responses is still unknown in thyroid cancer. Accordingly, we aimed to clarify clinical impact of peripheral leukocyte fractions in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). METHODS: Clinicopathological analyses were performed including preoperative leukocyte fractions in 570 patients with curatively resected PTC. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine cutoffs of leukocyte fraction or inflammation indexes such as lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. A Kaplan-Meier analysis and a Cox's proportional hazard model were used to conduct prognostic analysis. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed for correlation assay. RESULTS: Preoperative low LMR predicted recurrence with high sensitivity (63.3%) and specificity (68.7%) (P = 0.002). The multivariable prognostic analyses revealed that preoperative low LMR (P = 0.025), pathological N1b (P = 0.019), high metastatic lymph node ratio (node density) (P = 0.014), and high thyroglobulin level (P = 0.002) independently predicted worse prognosis. The combination of these independent parameters clearly enriched high-risk patients (P < 0.001). Of note, low LMR was dramatically associated with recurrence especially in patients with advanced PTC. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative low LMR dramatically predicts high-risk patients for recurrences. The results in this study give rational to focusing on immune cell profiles to tackle advanced PTC.

[In Situ Ductal Carcinoma with Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome in a Patient Who Received Contralateral Risk-Reducing Mastectomy-A Case Report].

A woman in her 30s presented to our hospital with the chief complaint of a right breast mass after the birth of her first child. She was diagnosed as having right invasive ductal carcinoma of Luminal-B type and T3N3cM0, stage Ⅲc. While undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy, she received genetic counseling and underwent genetic testing and was determined to have deleterious BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. After completing chemotherapy, she underwent a right total mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection. Two years postoperatively, she requested to undergo a contralateral risk-reducing mastectomy( CRRM)of her left breast. Therefore, CT and breast MRI were performed to confirm the absence of contralateral lesions and distant metastases, and subsequently, CRRM was performed. Postoperative pathology results showed non-invasive ductal carcinoma lesions at 5 sites. In the case of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome such as in this study, lesions may be discovered at an early stage by performing risk-reducing mastectomy.

Phase II randomized, controlled trial of 1 day versus 3 days of dexamethasone combined with palonosetron and aprepitant to prevent nausea and vomiting in Japanese breast cancer patients receiving anthracycline-based chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: Dexamethasone, plus a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and an NK-1 receptor antagonist are recommended for controlling the chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) of highly emetogenic chemotherapy. Several days of dexamethasone are effective for CINV; however, dexamethasone also has side effects. The purpose of this trial was to investigate whether the use of a second-generation 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and an NK-1 receptor antagonist could allow a reduced dose of dexamethasone for breast cancer patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy. METHODS: Eighty breast cancer patients who received an anthracycline-cyclophosphamide combination regimen were enrolled. The patients were randomized to arm A (dexamethasone days 1-3) and arm B (dexamethasone day 1). The primary endpoint was complete response (CR) (no emetic episodes and no rescue medication) during the overall phase (days 1-5). The secondary endpoints were the CR during the delayed phase (days 2-5), complete control (CC) (no emetic episodes, no rescue medication, and no more than mild nausea) during the overall phase, and the safety of this antiemetic therapy. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the rates of CR and CC between arm A and B as follows: CR overall phase--arm A: 82.9%, 90% confidence interval [CI] 71.3-90.5% vs arm B: 82.1%, 90% CI 70.0-90.0%; p = 1.00; CR delayed phase--arm A: 87.8%, 90% CI 77.0-93.9% vs arm B: 94.9%, 90% CI 85.6-98.3%; p = 0.43; CC overall phase--arm A: 48.8%, 90% CI 36.4-61.3% vs arm B: 61.5%, 90% CI 48.4-73.2%; p = 0.27. There were very few adverse events and no severe adverse events associated with this antiemetic therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the antiemetic effect provided by dexamethasone administered for 3 days can be obtained by dexamethasone administered for 1 day.

The safety of concentrated trastuzumab in 100 ml of saline solution for administration to patients with HER2-positive breast cancer: a phase 1 study.

BACKGROUND: It is recommended that administration of trastuzumab should be carried out in a volume of 250 ml of saline solution over 90 min. Since 2011, recommendations have allowed a shortening of the administration time to 30 min at the second administration. However, the volume to be administered is still 250 ml. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of trastuzumab administered in 100 ml of saline solution over 30 min. METHODS: This study enrolled patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. Three dose levels of trastuzumab, each in 100 ml of saline solution, were used (2, 6 and 8 mg/kg). The primary end point was the determination of safety. RESULTS: Nine patients were enrolled. Since no adverse events were observed, the 8 mg/kg/100 ml saline solution dose level was the recommended dose. CONCLUSIONS: A 30-min administration of trastuzumab in 100 ml of saline solution is safe in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer.

[A case of facial nerve palsy induced by nab-paclitaxel].

The patient was a 60-year-old woman who underwent total mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection for right breast cancer. She was treated with adjuvant chemotherapy( epirubicin plus cyclophosphamide[EC]and paclitaxel), hormone therapy, and radiation therapy. Multiple lung, lymph node, and bone metastases were detected after 4 years. The patient subsequently received nab-paclitaxel (nabPTX, 260 mg/m2, triweekly) and zoledronate therapy. Ptosis of her right eyebrow and the right angle of her mouth were observed after 8 courses of nabPTX, and peripheral right facial nerve palsy was diagnosed. She underwent rehabilitation, and facial nerve palsy improved after 9 months. Peripheral facial nerve palsy is a very rare adverse event of nabPTX. This is the first case report of peripheral facial nerve paralysis associated with nab- PTX.

Cancer specific promoter CpG Islands hypermethylation of HOP homeobox (HOPX) gene and its potential tumor suppressive role in pancreatic carcinogenesis.

BACKGROUND: We have recently identified HOP hoemobox (HOPX) as a tumor suppressor gene candidate, characterized by tumor-specific promoter DNA hypermethylation in human cancers, and it can remarkably inhibit tumors' aggressive phenotypes. In this current study, we for the first time examined methylation level of HOPX and tested the functional relevance in pancreatic cancer (PC). METHODS: Clinical features of HOPX promoter hypermethylation was investigated in 89 PC tissues, and immunohistochemistry was added. We also examined its functional relevance in phenotype assays such as soft agar, proliferation, invasion, and cell cycle analysis. RESULTS: PC tissues had HOPX gene hypermethylation as compared to the corresponding normal pancreas tissues, and its uniqueness was robust to discriminate tumor from normal tissues (AUC = 0.85, P < 0.0001). Unexpectedly, HOPX was increased in expression in tumor tissues, and immunohistochemistry revealed its predominant expression in the Langerhans islet cells, where HOPX was reduced in expression for PC cells with promoter hypermethylation. HOPX transfectants exhibited G1 arrest with subG1 accumulation, and inhibited tumor forming and invasive ability. CONCLUSION: Defective expression of HOPX which is consistent with promoter DNA hypermethylation may explain aggressive phenotype of pancreatic cancer, and intense expression of HOPX in the Langerhans cells may in turn uniquely contribute to pancreatic carcinogenesis.

[Efficacy and safety of lidocaine hydrochloride jelly for the treatment of pain caused by breast cancer metastases to the skin].

Breast cancer metastases to the skin significantly decrease quality of life(QOL) due to bleeding or dull pain. However, an effective treatment has not yet been established. In this study, we achieved an effective result by using lidocaine hydrochloride jelly[Xylocaine jelly(XJ)] when patients complained of temporarily increased dull pain. For the pain treatment for 5 women who developed the skin metastases of breast cancer after mastectomy, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were used. In cases with defective control, both NSAIDs and opioids were used. However, it was difficult to control temporarily increased dull pain. Therefore, we applied 5 g XJ to the area of recurrence when the patients complained of increasing dull pain. This treatment rapidly reduced the pain and it was possible to reduce the use of analgesics and reduce side effects. After 5 g XJ was applied to the patients, their level of lidocaine in blood was reduced to within the safe zone, and no undesirable effects were observed. Treatment with XJ was easy to perform and was safe for the control of dull pain due to skin metastases of breast cancer. In conclusion, we believe that treatment with XJ is effective for dull pain.

Therapeutic potential of PRL-3 targeting and clinical significance of PRL-3 genomic amplification in gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) has deserved attention as a crucial molecule in the multiple steps of metastasis. In the present study, we examined the mechanisms regulating PRL-3 expression, and assessed the clinical potential of PRL-3-targeted therapy in gastric cancer. METHODS: PRL-3 genomic amplification was analyzed using quantitative-polymerase chain reaction and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization in 77 primary gastric tumors. The anticancer activity of PRL-3 inhibitor (1-4-bromo-2-benzylidene rhodanine) treatment was evaluated against cancer cells with different genetic and expression status. RESULTS: PRL-3 genomic amplification was closely concordant with high level of its protein expression in cell lines, and was found in 20% (8/40) among human primary tumors with its expression, which were all stage III/IV disease (40%, 8/20), but in none (0/37) among those without expression. Additionally, PRL-3 genomic amplification was associated with metastatic lymph node status, leading to advanced stage and thereby poor outcomes in patients with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.021). PRL-3 small interfering RNA robustly repressed metastatic properties, including cell proliferation, invasion, and anchorage-independent colony formation. Although neither PRL-3 genomic amplification nor expression level was responsible for the sensitivity to PRL-3 inhibitor treatment, the inhibitor showed dose-dependent anticancer efficacy, and remarkably induced apoptosis on all the tested cell lines with PRL-3 expression. CONCLUSIONS: We have for the first time, demonstrated that PRL-3 genomic amplification is one of the predominant mechanisms inducing its expression, especially in more advanced stage, and that PRL-3-targeted therapy may have a great potential against gastric cancer with its expression.

[A rare case of huge triple-negative of accessory breast cancer enlarged during the course of chemotherapy].

A 38-year-old premenopausal woman with a right axillary mass was told that she had an atheroma. The mass enlarged. An infectious atheroma was suspected, and incision and drainage were performed. A mass 4 cm in diameter was palpated in the right axillary region. Ultrasonography showed a mass 6 cm in diameter, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a hypervascular mass at the same site. Stage IIIB triple-negative of accessory breast cancer (T4bN1M0) was diagnosed. The patient received four courses of FEC 100 (5-fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide) as preoperative chemotherapy, but progressive disease was diagnosed, and the regimen was switched to weekly paclitaxel. The tumor became ulcerated and friable, and the hemoglobin level fell to 6 g/dL. Emergency surgery was thus performed. Postoperatively, the patient received six courses of chemotherapy with paclitaxel plus gemcitabine. Accessory breast cancer is extremely rare, but should be borne in mind when an axillary mass is encountered. In our patient, progressive disease had developed during the preoperative chemotherapy for accessory breast cancer. Although treatment was switched to a different regimen, bleeding was detected, and the patient underwent a semi-emergency surgery.

BRCAness as an Important Prognostic Marker in Patients with Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has several subtypes. The identification of markers associated with recurrence and poor prognosis in patients with TNBC is urgently needed. BRCAness is a set of traits in which BRCA1 dysfunction, arising from gene mutation, methylation, or deletion, results in DNA repair deficiency. In the current study, we evaluated the clinical significance and prognosis of BRCAness in a multicenter retrospective study. Ninety-four patients with TNBC treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy were enrolled from three university hospitals for this retrospective study. BRCAness was evaluated in 94 core needle biopsy (CNB) specimens prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 49 surgical specimens without pathological complete response (pCR). The samples were assessed using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, and the amplicons were scored. Of the 94 patients, 51 had BRCAness in CNB specimens. There were no significant differences in pCR rates or recurrence between the BRCAness and non-BRCAness groups. Among surgical specimens, the BRCAness group had a significantly shorter recurrence-free survival and overall survival compared with the non-BRCAness group. The BRCAness of surgical specimens was found to be an important marker to predict prognosis in patients with TNBC after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. A clinical trial to assess the clinical impact of carboplatin with BRCAness is planned.

Analysis of the selection of CDK4/6 inhibitors based on experience using palbociclib.

Palbociclib is a first-in-class potent oral inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/6 that was approved in the USA in 2015 and in Japan in 2017. Next-generation abemaciclib was approved in the USA and Japan in 2018. The use of palbociclib results in a high frequency of bone marrow suppression, whereas abemaciclib induces a low frequency of bone marrow suppression, but a high incidence of diarrhea. However, the most appropriate uses for these CDK4/6 inhibitors remain unclear. In this study, we analyzed the efficacy and side-effects associated with the use of palbociclib at our hospital and examined the suitability of palbociclib or abemaciclib. Among 35 patients who used palbociclib at our hospital from December, 2017 to December, 2018, the mean age was 39-83 years. The patients receiving treatment with palbociclib with a combination of drugs included 20 patients (57%) receiving fulvestrant, 8 patients (23%) receiving letrozole, and 7 patients (20%) receiving fulvestrant + LH-RH (leuprorelin). Fourteen patients (40%) had a history of receiving chemotherapy, and 21 patients (60%) had no history of receiving chemotherapy. The number of prior treatment regimens was 0-11 (mean, 2.9). The initial dose of palbociclib was 125 mg for 29 patients (83%) and 100 mg for 6 patients (17%). Partial response, stable disease and progressive disease were achieved in 6 (17%), 19 cases (54%) and 10 cases (29%), respectively. Leukocytopenia was observed in 24 cases, neutropenia was observed in 26 cases, anemia was observed in 13 cases, thrombocytopenia was observed in 15 cases, fatigue was observed in 3 cases and itchy skin was observed in 1 case. When the number of neutrophils prior to palbociclib introduction was <3,000, neutropenia of grade 3 or higher was observed in all cases following palbociclib introduction. Thus, in order to avoid grade 3 or higher neutropenia and to maintain relative dose intensity, abemaciclib treatment may be considered for cases with neutrophils of <3,000 prior to the introduction of a CDK4/6 inhibitor.

Differential Prognostic Relevance of Promoter DNA Methylation of CDO1 and HOPX in Primary Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: We previously identified that promoter DNA methylation of cysteine dioxygenase type 1 (CDO1) and homeobox only protein homeobox (HOPX) were both cancer specific, and have a clinical potential as prognostic biomarkers in breast cancer (BC). The present study compared the differential prognostic relevance of methylation status of the CDO1 and HOPX genes in BC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Methylation levels (TaqMethVs) were quantified in 7 BC cell lines and 133 BC patients by TaqMan methylation-specific PCR and functional traits were explored for CDO1. RESULTS: TaqMethVs were associated between CDO1 and HOPX (r2=0.072, p=0.002). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model could identify CDO1 hypermethylation as well as Ki-67 as independent prognostic factors related to disease-specific survival (p=0.016, p<0.001). Overexpression of CDO1 decreased the anchorage-independent growth capacity in BC cell lines. CONCLUSION: CDO1 is a definite tumor suppressor gene, while its prognostic relevance was more than expected in the context of its functional relevance.

Lymph node metastasis and high serum CEA are important prognostic factors in hormone receptor positive and HER2 negative breast cancer.

In recent years, treatment options for breast cancer have increased, and prognosis has improved since the 1990s. The present study examined the prognosis for recurrence of breast cancer between 2006 and 2009, in comparison with the results of past treatments, and sought to guide future treatment strategies by elucidating present prognostic factors. A total of 662 patients with breast cancer stage 0-III who underwent surgery at Kitasato University Hospital between January 2006 and March 2009 were included. Cases were classified into four subtypes, based on the presence or absence of hormone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Factors associated with recurrence and prognosis were then examined. The 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 94.9% and the 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) was 98.4%. Factors related to RFS were pathological lymph node (pN) positive [hazard ratio (HR)=2.85, P=0.001], clinical lymph node (cN) positive (HR=2.28, P<0.01), and hormone receptor negative (HR=1.83, P<0.05). Factors associated with DSS were cN positive (HR=4.55, P<0.01), pN positive (HR=3.40, P<0.05), higher preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (HR=3.04, P<0.05), and hormone receptor negative (HR=2.32, P<0.05). In the hormone receptor positive HER2 negative, cN-positive/pN-positive breast cancer group, RFS and DSS were poorer compared with the other groups. In this group, preoperative high CEA level was a poor prognostic factor. The prognosis for hormone receptor positive HER2-negative breast cancer has improved significantly since the 1990s. On the other hand, the prognosis for cN-positive/pN-positive breast cancer was poor. Pre-treatment serum CEA positive cases exhibited a particularly poor prognosis.

BRCAness and Prognosis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.

BRCAness is defined as the set of traits in which BRCA1 dysfunction, arising from gene mutation, methylation or deletion, results in DNA repair deficiency. In the present study, we addressed BRCAness, therapeutic efficacy, recurrence, and survival in patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) who were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy at Kitasato University Hospital, Japan, between April 2006 and October 2012. BRCAness was determined by preoperative core needle biopsy (CNB) specimens and surgical specimens. Assay was performed using Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) with P376-B2 BRCA1ness probemix (MRC-Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). The relative copy number ratio of each sample was compared to Human Genomic DNA (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) as reference samples was calculated with Coffalyser.NET default settings. The BRCAness score was calculated with the relative copy number ratio of various DNA sequences. Values of 0.5 or more were determined as the BRCA1-like Type (BRCAness) and those of less than 0.5 as the Sporadic Type to analyze pathological complete response (pCR) rate, recurrence, and survival. pCR (ypT0/Tis/N0) was observed in 15 patients (pCR rate: 37.5%). These patients had no recurrence. Twelve patients recurred, 8 died from breast cancer. The BRCA1-like Type were 22 and Sporadic Type were 18 in CNB specimens. No major differences were observed between the BRCA1-like Type and Sporadic Type with pCR rate, recurrence rate and survival. Twenty four surgical specimens of non-pCR patients were available and 9 were BRCA1-like Type, who had more recurrences (7/9 vs. 5/15), and their relapse-free survival was also lower (p<0.05) than that of Sporadic Type. Seven BRCA1-like Type patients remained BRCA1-like Type in surgical specimens, were worse in recurrence (p<0.01) and survival (p<0.05) compared with 6 patients whose BRCA status in surgical specimens turned to Sporadic Type. New clinical trials assessing the true recurrence (TR) rate of BRCA-type patients are expected since neither platinum-containing drugs nor poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are effective against tumors with nonfunctional BRCA genes.

Prognostic Significance of Promoter DNA Hypermethylation of cysteine dioxygenase 1 (CDO1) Gene in Primary Breast Cancer.

Using pharmacological unmasking microarray, we identified promoter DNA methylation of cysteine dioxygenase 1 (CDO1) gene in human cancer. In this study, we assessed the clinicopathological significance of CDO1 methylation in primary breast cancer (BC) with no prior chemotherapy. The CDO1 DNA methylation was quantified by TaqMan methylation specific PCR (Q-MSP) in 7 BC cell lines and 172 primary BC patients with no prior chemotherapy. Promoter DNA of the CDO1 gene was hypermethylated in 6 BC cell lines except SK-BR3, and CDO1 gene expression was all silenced at mRNA level in the 7 BC cell lines. Quantification of CDO1 methylation was developed using Q-MSP, and assessed in primary BC. Among the clinicopathologic factors, CDO1 methylation level was not statistically significantly associated with any prognostic factors. The log-rank plot analysis elucidated that the higher methylation the tumors harbored, the poorer prognosis the patients exhibited. Using the median value of 58.0 as a cut-off one, disease specific survival in BC patients with CDO1 hypermethylation showed significantly poorer prognosis than those with hypomethylation (p = 0.004). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model identified that CDO1 hypermethylation was prognostic factor as well as Ki-67 and hormone receptor status. The most intriguingly, CDO1 hypermethylation was of robust prognostic relevance in triple negative BC (p = 0.007). Promoter DNA methylation of CDO1 gene was robust prognostic indicator in primary BC patients with no prior chemotherapy. Prognostic relevance of the CDO1 promoter DNA methylation is worthy of being paid attention in triple negative BC cancer.

Identification of EGFR expression status association with metastatic lymph node density (ND) by expression microarray analysis of advanced gastric cancer.

Metastatic lymph node density (ND) has been reproducibly proven to be a prognostic factor in gastric cancer. The molecular mechanisms that underlie this aggressiveness are underexplored. Here, we aimed to identify molecules associated with this unique phenotype. Tumor specimens from patients with stage III gastric cancer with high or low ND (n = 4 for both) were compared at the mRNA level using Affymetrix microarray (harboring 54,675 genes). The expression data were prioritized, and genes that correlated with ND were selected. Ultimately, the EGFR was validated as such a candidate molecule in patients with primary advanced gastric cancer who underwent standard treatment (n = 167). Expression data of the microarray were prioritized based on gene expression ratio and frequency of gene expression. The first priority genes to be selected were genes that are known to be amplified in cancer, which included NKX2.1, CHST9, CTNND2, SLC25A27, FGFR2, EGFR, and PTGER1. Of these genes, the EGFR gene was of particular interest. EGFR expression in primary gastric cancer was examined using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The Student's t-test elucidated a significant difference in EGFR expression between IHC 2+/3+ and IHC 1+ according to ND (P = 0.0035). The Chi-square test also indicated a significant difference between high and low levels of EGFR immunohistochemical staining (IHC2+/3+ and IHC1+, respectively) and ND status (P = 0.0023). According to the least squares method, as ND increased, the risk that EGFR staining levels changed from IHC 1+ to IHC 2+ also increased. In this study, we determined that high EGFR expression may underlie the aggressive mechanism of advanced gastric cancer with high ND.

Aberrant methylation of GCNT2 is tightly related to lymph node metastasis of primary CRC.

BACKGROUND: Glycoprotein expression profile is dramatically altered in human cancers; however, specific glycogenes have not been fully identified. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system for glycogenes (CRPS-G) identified several outstanding glycogenes. GCNT2 was of particular interest after GCNT2 expression and epigenetics were rigorously investigated in primary colorectal cancer (CRC). RESULTS: The highlights of this work can be summarized as follows: (i) Expression of GCNT2 was remarkably suppressed. (ii) Silenced expression of GCNT2 was reactivated by combined demethylating agents. (iii) Promoter DNA methylation of GCNT2 was silenced in CRC cell lines and tissues. Hypomethylation of GCNT2 variant 2 is tightly associated with lymph node metastasis in primary CRC. (iv) GCNT2 methylation level in the normal tissues also showed a close association with that in the tumor tissues and reflected lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSION: We identified aberrant expression of GCNT2, which can be explained by promoter DNA hypermethylation. Hypomethylation of the GCNT2 variant 2 reflected lymph node metastasis of CRC in the tumor and normal tissues.

Prognostic significance of Ki-67 in chemotherapy-naive breast cancer patients with 10-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND/AIM: In order to define accurate survival outcome in breast cancer, 10-year follow-up is required and such long-term survival information are few and difficult to gather. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We recruited 253 breast cancer patients who undertook operation with no prior chemotherapy. Ten-year survival outcomes were evaluated by clinicopathological factors. RESULTS: Significant univariate prognostic factors were: T factor, N factor, preoperative values of tumor markers, and biological factors. T-factor, CEA, hormone receptor, and Ki-67 were the final independent prognostic factors of recurrence-free survival through multivariate analysis. The Luminal A group except for the Ki-67-positive cases showed the best survival outcomes, while the HER2-positive or triple-negative (TN) groups showed worse prognosis than the Luminal A group, and Ki-67 was shown to be an excellent prognostic factor in each stage (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Ki-67 has a great potential as a prognostic biomarker while prognostic information of this sort could be beneficial for development of novel therapeutic strategies.