Cardioprotection via Metabolism for Rat Heart Preservation Using the High-Pressure Gaseous Mixture of Carbon Monoxide and Oxygen.

The high-pressure gas (HPG) method with carbon monoxide (CO) and oxygen (O2) mixture maintains the preserved rat heart function. The metabolites of rat hearts preserved using the HPG method (HPG group) and cold storage (CS) method (CS group) by immersion in a stock solution for 24 h were assessed to confirm CO and O2 effects. Lactic acid was significantly lower and citric acid was significantly higher in the HPG group than in the CS group. Moreover, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels as well as some pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) metabolites and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) were significantly higher in the HPG group than in the CS group. Additionally, reduced glutathione (GSH), which protects cells from oxidative stress, was also significantly higher in the HPG group than in the CS group. These results indicated that each gas, CO and O2, induced the shift from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism, maintaining the energy of ischemic preserved organs, shifting the glucose utilization from glycolysis toward PPP, and reducing oxidative stress. Both CO and O2 in the HPG method have important effects on the ATP supply and decrease oxidative stress for preventing ischemic injury. The HPG method may be useful for clinical application.

Similarity in Neuronal Firing Regimes across Mammalian Species.

UNLABELLED: The architectonic subdivisions of the brain are believed to be functional modules, each processing parts of global functions. Previously, we showed that neurons in different regions operate in different firing regimes in monkeys. It is possible that firing regimes reflect differences in underlying information processing, and consequently the firing regimes in homologous regions across animal species might be similar. We analyzed neuronal spike trains recorded from behaving mice, rats, cats, and monkeys. The firing regularity differed systematically, with differences across regions in one species being greater than the differences in similar areas across species. Neuronal firing was consistently most regular in motor areas, nearly random in visual and prefrontal/medial prefrontal cortical areas, and bursting in the hippocampus in all animals examined. This suggests that firing regularity (or irregularity) plays a key role in neural computation in each functional subdivision, depending on the types of information being carried. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: By analyzing neuronal spike trains recorded from mice, rats, cats, and monkeys, we found that different brain regions have intrinsically different firing regimes that are more similar in homologous areas across species than across areas in one species. Because different regions in the brain are specialized for different functions, the present finding suggests that the different activity regimes of neurons are important for supporting different functions, so that appropriate neuronal codes can be used for different modalities.

Identification and functional analysis of variants of a cancer/testis antigen LEMD1 in colorectal cancer stem-like cells.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancy, and the prognosis is not still satisfactory due to treatment resistance, recurrence and distant metastasis. Cancer stem cells (CSCs)/cancer-initiating cells (CICs) is endowed with higher tumor-initiating ability, self-renewal ability and differentiation ability, and CSCs/CICs are resistant to treatments. Thus, CSCs/CICs are thought to be responsible for recurrence and distant metastasis, and eradication of CSCs/CICs is essential to cure CRCs. However, the molecular mechanisms of CSCs/CICs are remain unknown, and we aimed to elucidate molecular aspects of CR-CSCs/CICs in this study. We screened the transcriptome data of primary human CR-CSCs/CICs that we previously established, and found that LEM domain containing 1 (LEMD1) is preferentially expressed in CR-CSCs/CICs. LEMD1 belongs to cancer-testis (CT) antigen, and has five transcript variants (variant 1 [V1] - variant 5 [V5]). We found that LEMD1 V1, V2 and V3 is expressed in testis and CR-CSCs/CICs, whereas LEMD1 V4 and V5 is ubiquitously expressed. LEMD1 gene knockdown experiments using siRNAs and gene overexpression experiments revealed that LEMD1 has a role in the maintenance of CR-CSCs/CICs. These observations indicate that CR-CSC/CIC-specific LEMD1 variants are reasonable target of CR-CSC/CIC-targeted therapy.

LY6/PLAUR domain containing 3 has a role in the maintenance of colorectal cancer stem-like cells.

Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and the leading cause of cancer-related death for both men and women. Recent studies have revealed that a small sub-population of cancer cells, termed cancer stem-like cells (CSCs)/cancer-initiating cells (CICs), are endowed with tumor-initiating ability, self-renewal ability and differentiation ability. CSCs/CICs are resistant to current therapies including chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Thus, CSCs/CICs are responsible for recurrence and metastasis, and eradication of CSCs/CICs is essential to cure cancer. In this study, we isolated CR-CSCs/CICs as sphere-cultured cells and found that a product derived from LY6/PLAUR domain containing 3 (LYPD3) is preferentially expressed in CSCs/CICs. Gene overexpression and gene knockdown experiments revealed that LYPD3 has a role in the maintenance of CR-CSCs/CICs. The findings provide a novel molecular insight into CR-CSCs/CICs.

Comparison of Silodosin and Naftopidil for Efficacy in the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Enlargement Complicated by Overactive Bladder: A Randomized, Prospective Study (SNIPER Study).

PURPOSE: We investigated the efficacy of 2 α1-blockers with different affinities for the α1-adrenoceptor subtypes silodosin and naftopidil in the treatment of benign prostatic enlargement complicated by overactive bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, open label, randomized, multicenter study of 350 outpatients with untreated benign prostatic enlargement associated with urinary urgency at least once per week and an OABSS (Overactive Bladder Symptom Score) of 3 or greater. Patients were randomly assigned to receive silodosin 8 mg per day or naftopidil 75 mg per day. Changes in parameters from baseline to 4 and 12 weeks were assessed based on I-PSS (International Prostate Symptom Score), I-PSS quality of life, OABSS and voiding functions measured by uroflowmetry. RESULTS: On efficacy analysis a total of 314 patients were included in the 2 groups. No significant difference in adverse effects was observed between the groups. Mean I-PSS and I-PSS quality of life scores, and OABSS significantly improved in both groups. Statistically significantly greater improvement in the silodosin group than in the naftopidil group was observed in total OABSS (p = 0.03), I-PSS quality of life score (p = 0.005) and OABSS urgency score (p <0.001) at 12 weeks. In regard to voiding function the maximum urinary flow rate showed significant improvements in both groups but the change in the maximum flow rate in the silodosin group at 12 weeks was significantly greater than in the naftopidil group (3.6 vs 2.1 ml per second). CONCLUSIONS: Silodosin, a pure α1A-adrenoceptor blocker, showed greater improvement in overactive bladder symptoms along with the urinary flow rate in patients with benign prostatic enlargement complicated by overactive bladder compared to naftopidil, an α1D>A-adrenoceptor blocker.

Different target-discrimination times can be followed by the same saccade-initiation timing in different stimulus conditions during visual searches.

The neuronal processes that underlie visual searches can be divided into two stages: target discrimination and saccade preparation/generation. This predicts that the length of time of the prediscrimination stage varies according to the search difficulty across different stimulus conditions, whereas the length of the latter postdiscrimination stage is stimulus invariant. However, recent studies have suggested that the length of the postdiscrimination interval changes with different stimulus conditions. To address whether and how the visual stimulus affects determination of the postdiscrimination interval, we recorded single-neuron activity in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) when monkeys (Macaca fuscata) performed a color-singleton search involving four stimulus conditions that differed regarding luminance (Bright vs. Dim) and target-distractor color similarity (Easy vs. Difficult). We specifically focused on comparing activities between the Bright-Difficult and Dim-Easy conditions, in which the visual stimuli were considerably different, but the mean reaction times were indistinguishable. This allowed us to examine the neuronal activity when the difference in the degree of search speed between different stimulus conditions was minimal. We found that not only prediscrimination but also postdiscrimination intervals varied across stimulus conditions: the postdiscrimination interval was longer in the Dim-Easy condition than in the Bright-Difficult condition. Further analysis revealed that the postdiscrimination interval might vary with stimulus luminance. A computer simulation using an accumulation-to-threshold model suggested that the luminance-related difference in visual response strength at discrimination time could be the cause of different postdiscrimination intervals.

Discharge-rate persistence of baseline activity during fixation reflects maintenance of memory-period activity in the macaque posterior parietal cortex.

Recent evidence has demonstrated that spatiotemporal patterns of spontaneous activity reflect the patterns of activity evoked by sensory stimuli. However, few studies have examined whether response profiles of task-evoked activity, which is not related to external sensory stimuli but rather to internal processes, are also reflected in those of spontaneous activity. To address this, we recorded activity of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) when monkeys performed reaction-time and delayed-response visual-search tasks. We particularly focused on the target location-dependent modulation of delay-period activity (delay-period modulation) in the delayed-response task, and the discharge-rate persistency in fixation-period activity (baseline-activity maintenance) in the reaction-time task. Baseline-activity maintenance was assessed by the correlation between the spike counts of 2 separate bins. We found that baseline-activity maintenance, calculated from bins separated by a long interval (200-500 ms), was correlated with delay-period modulation, whereas that calculated from bins separated by a short interval (~100 ms) was correlated with trial-to-trial fluctuations in baseline activity, suggesting a link between the capability to hold task-related information in delay-period activity and the degree of baseline-activity maintenance in a timescale-dependent manner.

Clinical feasibility of laparoscopic lateral pelvic lymph node dissection following total mesorectal excision for advanced rectal cancer.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the technical feasibility, safety and oncological outcomes of laparoscopic lateral pelvic lymph node dissection in patients with advanced low rectal cancer. METHODS: Laparoscopic lateral pelvic lymph node dissection was performed in 18 patients from November 2009 to September 2012. The data regarding the patient demographics, surgical outcomes and short-term oncological outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: In all 18 patients, the procedures were completed without conversion to open surgery. The mean length of the operation was 603.7 min (473-746 min). The mean number of harvested lateral pelvic lymph nodes was 16.9 (7-27), and five patients (27.8 %) had lymph node metastases. The postoperative mortality and morbidity rates were 0 and 16.7 %, respectively. Three patients developed Grade 2 urinary retention. No local recurrence had developed after a mean follow-up period of 23.6 months. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic lateral pelvic lymph node dissection is technically feasible, safe and oncologically acceptable within the limitations of the short-term follow-up period.

Transition of target-location signaling in activity of macaque lateral intraparietal neurons during delayed-response visual search.

Neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) are involved in signaling the location of behaviorally relevant objects during visual discrimination and working memory maintenance. Although previous studies have examined these cognitive processes separately, they often appear as inseparable sequential processes in real-life situations. Little is known about how the neural representation of the target location is altered when both cognitive processes are continuously required for executing a task. We investigated this issue by recording single-unit activity from LIP of monkeys performing a delayed-response visual search task in which they were required to discriminate the target from distractors in the stimulus period, remember the location at which the extinguished target had been presented in the delay period, and make a saccade to that location in the response period. Target-location signaling was assessed using response modulations contingent on whether the target location was inside or opposite the receptive field. Although the population-averaged response modulation was consistent and changed only slightly during a trial, the across-neuron pattern of response modulations showed a marked and abrupt change around 170 ms after stimulus offset due to concurrent changes in the response modulations of a subset of LIP neurons, which manifested heterogeneous patterns of activity changes during the task. Our findings suggest that target-location signaling by the across-neuron pattern of LIP activity discretely changes after the stimulus disappearance under conditions that continuously require visual discrimination and working memory to perform a single behavioral task.

Development of an LC-MS/MS method for the determination of five psychoactive drugs in postmortem urine by optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronide conjugates.

PURPOSE: Toxicological analyses of biological samples play important roles in forensic and clinical investigations. Ingested drugs are excreted in urine as conjugates with endogenous substances such as glucuronic acid; hydrolyzing these conjugates improves the determination of target drugs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In this study, we sought to improve the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronide conjugates of five psychoactive drugs (11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, oxazepam, lorazepam, temazepam, and amitriptyline). METHODS: The efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronide conjugates in urine was optimized by varying temperature, enzyme volume, and reaction time. The hydrolysis was performed directly on extraction columns. This analysis method using LC-MS/MS was applied to forensic autopsy samples after thorough validation. RESULTS: We found that the recombinant ß-glucuronidase B-One® quantitatively hydrolyzed these conjugates within 3 min at room temperature directly on extraction columns. This on-column method saved time and eliminated the loss of valuable samples during transfer to the extraction column. LC-MS/MS-based calibration curves processed with this method showed good linearity, with r2 values exceeding 0.998. The intra- and inter-day accuracies and precisions of the method were 93.0-109.7% and 0.8-8.8%, respectively. The recovery efficiencies were in the range of 56.1-104.5%. Matrix effects were between 78.9 and 126.9%. CONCLUSIONS: We have established an LC-MS/MS method for five psychoactive drugs in urine after enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronide conjugates directly on extraction columns. The method was successfully applied to forensic autopsy samples. The established method will have broad applications, including forensic and clinical toxicological investigations.

FADS2 confers SCD1 inhibition resistance to cancer cells by modulating the ER stress response.

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is an attractive target for cancer therapy. However, the clinical efficacy of SCD1 inhibitor monotherapy is limited. There is thus a need to elucidate the mechanisms of resistance to SCD1 inhibition and develop new therapeutic strategies for combination therapy. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which cancer cells acquire resistance to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-dependent cancer cell death induced by SCD1 inhibition. SCD1 inhibitor-sensitive and -resistant cancer cells were treated with SCD1 inhibitors in vitro, and SCD1 inhibitor-sensitive cancer cells accumulated palmitic acid and underwent ER stress response-induced cell death. Conversely, SCD1-resistant cancer cells did not undergo ER stress response-induced cell death because fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) eliminated the accumulation of palmitic acid. Furthermore, genetic depletion using siRNA showed that FADS2 is a key determinant of sensitivity/resistance of cancer cells to SCD1 inhibitor. A549 cells, an SCD1 inhibitor-resistant cancer cell line, underwent ER stress-dependent cancer cell death upon dual inhibition of SCD1 and FADS2. Thus, combination therapy with SCD1 inhibition and FADS2 inhibition is potentially a new cancer therapeutic strategy targeting fatty acid metabolism.

A first report of right-hemicolectomy for ascending colon cancer in Japan with the da Vinci SP surgical robot system.

BACKGROUND: The da Vinci SP robotic surgical system received regulatory approval for use in colorectal cancer surgery in Japan in April 2023. Given the advantages of the precision of a robot and the postoperative cosmesis of single-site surgery, the system is expected to be further utilized for minimally invasive surgeries, in addition to the curative and safety-assured laparoscopic technique. CASE PRESENTATION: A 73-year-old man presented at our hospital with positive fecal occult blood. He was diagnosed with cT2N0M0 (Stage I) ascending colon cancer and underwent a right hemicolectomy, which was performed with the da Vinci SP system. The operation was performed safely, and the patient was discharged without complications. Pathology findings showed that complete mesocolic excision was achieved. CONCLUSIONS: Herein, we report the first colorectal cancer surgery performed using the da Vinci SP system in Japan. The use of this robotic surgical system with access forms for right hemicolectomy is safe and oncologically appropriate.

Cylindrical abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer using the Hugo RAS system: The first ever case report for rectal cancer.

In May 2023, the Hugo RAS system obtained pharmaceutical approval for use in gastroenterological surgery in Japan. It is expected to be particularly effective in rectal cancer surgery, which require the manipulation of the deep pelvic cavity and communication with surgeons operating from the intraperitoneal and anal approaches. A 68-year-old woman presented to our hospital with bloody stools and was diagnosed with cStage I (cT2N0M0) rectal cancer and underwent abdominoperineal resection employing the Hugo RAS system. Two arm carts were placed on the left and right lateral sides with an interleg space, and trocars were placed in a straight line between the right superior iliac spine and umbilicus. Herein, we report the first abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer using the Hugo RAS system.

Separate evaluation of target facilitation and distractor suppression in the activity of macaque lateral intraparietal neurons during visual search.

During visual search, neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) discriminate the target from distractors by exhibiting stronger activation when the target appears within the receptive field than when it appears outside the receptive field. It is generally thought that such target-discriminative activity is produced by the combination of target-related facilitation and distractor-related suppression. However, little is known about how the target-discriminative activity is constituted by these two types of neural modulation. To address this issue, we recorded activity from LIP of monkeys performing a visual search task that consisted of target-present and target-absent trials. Monkeys had to make a saccade to a target in the target-present trials, whereas they had to maintain fixation in the target-absent trials, in which only distractors were presented. By introducing the activity from the latter trials as neutral activity, we were able to separate the target-discriminative activity into target-related elevation and distractor-related reduction components. We found that the target-discriminative activity of most LIP neurons consisted of the combination of target-related elevation and distractor-related reduction or only target-related elevation. In contrast, target-discriminative activity composed of only distractor-related reduction was observed for very few neurons. We also found that, on average, target-related elevation was stronger and occurred earlier compared with distractor-related reduction. Finally, we consider possible underlying mechanisms, including lateral inhibitory interactions, responsible for target-discriminative activity in visual search. The present findings provide insight into how neuronal modulations shape target-discriminative activity during visual search.

Visual response of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area and saccadic reaction time during a visual detection task.

During visual detection with saccades, a target with higher luminance is detected with reduced reaction times. In such visual detection behaviors, luminance-related sensory signals should be converted into movement-related signals for saccade initiation. At the site where the visuomotor transformation takes place, there is the possibility that visual activity not only encodes the target luminance but also affects the generation of an upcoming saccade. To assess this possibility, we recorded single-cell activity from visually responsive neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) when monkeys made a saccade to an isolated target over five luminance levels. We found that as stimulus luminance increased, visual response strength increased, and response onset latency decreased. These luminance-related changes in activity were significantly correlated with changes in reaction time. In particular, changes in response onset latency accounted for a substantial part of the observed changes in reaction time, suggesting that luminance-related changes in response onset latency may propagate to the saccade generation process. However, the length of time from response onset to saccade onset was not constant but increased as luminance was reduced, suggesting the existence of other luminance-dependent processing in downstream and/or parallel pathways before saccade generation. Additionally, we failed to find strong covariance between response strength or latency and reaction time when the effect of luminance changes was removed. Thus, the present results reveal how visually responsive LIP neurons contribute to saccade generation in visual detection.

Hypoallergenicity and immunological characterization of enzyme-treated royal jelly from Apis mellifera.

Royal jelly (RJ), the exclusive food for queen bees, is taken as a dietary supplement because it is highly rich in nutrients. However, RJ is known to induce an anaphylactic response in some individuals. We evaluated in the present study the hypoallergenicity of alkaline protease-treated RJ in vitro and in vivo. We first confirmed that this treated RJ contained the same levels of vitamins, minerals and specific fatty acid as in untreated RJ. We then showed that the IgE-binding capacity of the treated RJ was very significantly reduced by conducting in vitro assays of the blood from RJ-sensitive patients. An in vivo skin-prick test on the RJ-sensitive patients also showed that, in the majority of the patients (3 out of 4 tested), the treated RJ did not evoke any allergenic response. It is thus advantageous to prepare hypoallergenic RJ by a protease enzyme treatment for its safe consumption.

Simple and rapid assay method for simultaneous quantification of urinary nicotine and cotinine using micro-extraction by packed sorbent and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

A simple and rapid method for determination of nicotine and cotinine levels in urine was developed using samples prepared by micro-extraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) and subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. This method provided good reproducibility, as well as good linearity of calibration curves in the range of 1-100 and 50-1000 ng/mL for quality control samples spiked with nicotine and cotinine, respectively. The detection limit of nicotine and cotinine was as low as 0.25 and 20 ng/mL, respectively. An evaporation procedure is not suitable for nicotine determination, thus an advantage of the present MEPS assay method is direct testing with GC-MS without the need for evaporation to a dry solvent. Our findings show that it may be useful for determining nicotine levels in various types of research studies.

Simple and rapid quantitation of 21 bile acids in rat serum and liver by UPLC-MS-MS: effect of high fat diet on glycine conjugates of rat bile acids.

In this report, we present a simple and rapid method for analysis of 21 kinds of bile acids and the conjugates in rat serum and liver samples by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) in the negative ionization mode, using cholic-2, 2, 4, 4-d4 acid as internal standard. After liquid-liguid extraction from serum and liver samples, specimens were analyzed by UPLC equipped with an Acquity TQD tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer. All of the 21 bile acids were sufficiently separated within 5 min. For most bile acids, calibration curves showed good linearities in the range of 0.25 to 5000 ng/mL for serum samples, 2.5 ng/g to 50 microg/g for liver samples. The limits of detection (LOD) were estimated to be less than 0.25 to 7.5 ng/mL in serum, less than 2.5 to 10 ng/g in liver samples. The present method was validated with respect to repeatability; the coefficient of variation (CV) values were less than 26.7% in the serum and 25.9% in the liver. In the animal study, we compared 21 bile acids in the serum and liver samples of the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SHRSP) rats fed with control (SP) diet or high-fat and high-cholesterol-containing (HFC) diet. By feeding with HFC diet, the glycine conjugates of some bile acids significantly increased and the taurine conjugate of ulsodeoxicolate (TUDC) decreased in serum and liver samples. Our results suggest that the change of bile acid profiles could be applied for the diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

[Laparoscopic repair of incarcerated diaphragmatic hernia as a late complication of laparoscopic right hepatectomy: a case report].

Incarcerated diaphragmatic hernia after laparoscopic right hepatectomy is very rare. An 81-year-old man underwent laparoscopic right hepatectomy for giant hepatic hemangioma. Twenty months after the surgery, he began to complain of nausea and abdominal pain and was brought to our hospital. Chest X-ray showed an abdominal gas shadow above the right diaphragm and computed tomography showed herniation of the colon into the right thoracic cavity. We diagnosed ileus due to incarcerated diaphragmatic hernia and performed emergency operation under laparoscopic surgery. After successfully reducing the prolapsed colon back to the abdominal cavity, the diaphragmatic hernia orifice was repaired. Incarcerated diaphragmatic hernia sometimes causes the fatal state. Clinicians must therefore consider such findings a late complication of laparoscopic hepatectomy.

Right hemicolectomy for ascending colon cancer using the hinotori surgical robot system: The first ever case report for colon cancer.

The hinotori Surgical Robot System obtained pharmaceutical approval for use in colorectal cancer surgery in October 2022 in Japan, and its advantages, including its operating arm with eight axes, adjustable arm base, and flexible 3D viewer, are expected to be utilized in colon cancer surgery. A 68-year-old woman presented to our hospital with abdominal pain and was diagnosed with cStageIIa (cT3N0M0) ascending colon cancer and underwent right hemicolectomy using the hinotori Surgical Robot System with the appropriate port placement on the arc around the hepatic flexure, which was available for both ileocecal manipulation and lymph node dissection, and adjustment of the angle of the arm base to further reduce interference. Herein we report the world's first surgery for colorectal cancer using the hinotori Surgical Robot System.