A state of the art review on electrochemical technique for the remediation of pharmaceuticals containing wastewater.

Pharmaceutical wastewater is a frequent kind of wastewater with high quantities of organic pollutants, although little research has been done in the area. Pharmaceutical wastewaters containing antibiotics and high salinity may impair traditional biological treatment, resulting in the propagation of antibiotic resistance genes. The potential for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to break down hazardous substances instead of present techniques that essentially transfer contaminants from wastewater to sludge, a membrane filter, or an adsorbent has attracted interest. Among a variety of AOPs, electrochemical systems are a feasible choice for treating pharmaceutical wastewater. Many electrochemical approaches exist now to remediate rivers polluted by refractory organic contaminants, like pharmaceutical micro-pollutants, which have become a severe environmental problem. The first part of this investigation provides the bibliometric analysis of the title search from 1970 to 2021 for keywords such as wastewater and electrochemical. We have provided information on relations between keywords, countries, and journals based on three fields plot, inter-country co-authorship network analysis, and co-occurrence network visualization. The second part introduces electrochemical water treatment approaches customized to these very distinct discarded flows, containing how processes, electrode materials, and operating conditions influence the results (with selective highlighting cathode reduction and anodic oxidation). This section looks at how electrochemistry may be utilized with typical treatment approaches to improve the integrated system's overall efficiency. We discuss how electrochemical cells might be beneficial and what compromises to consider when putting them into practice. We wrap up our analysis with a discussion of known technical obstacles and suggestions for further research.

Profitable Fischer Tropsch realization via CO2-CH4 reforming; an overview of nickel-promoter-support interactions.

Environmental pollution, climate change, and fossil fuel extinction have aroused serious global interest in the search for alternative energy sources. The dry reforming of methane (DRM) could be a good technique to harness syngas, a starting material for the FT energy process from greenhouse gases. Noble metal DRM catalysts are effective for the syngas generation but costly. Therefore, they inevitably, must be replaced by their Ni-based contemporaries for economic reasons. However, coking remains a strong challenge that impedes the industrialization of the FT process. This article explains the secondary reactions that lead to the production of detrimental graphitic coke deposition on the surface of active nickel catalyst. The influence of nickel particle size, impact of extra surface oxygen species, interaction of Ni catalysts with metal oxide supports/promoters, and larger fraction of exposed nickel active sites were addressed in this review. Size of active metal determines the conversion, surface area, metal dispersion, surface reactions, interior diffusion effects, activity, and yield. The influence of oxygen vacancy and coke deposition on highly reported metal oxide supports/promoters (Al2O3, MgO and La2O3) was postulated after studying CIFs (crystallographic information files) obtained from the Crystallography open database (COD) on VESTA software. Thus, overcoming excessive coking by La2O3 promotion is strongly advised in light of the orientation of the crystal lattice characteristics and the metal-support interaction can be used to enhance activity and stability in hydrogen reforming systems.