Subclinical atherosclerosis burden in carotid and femoral territories in HIV subjects: relationships with HIV and non-HIV related factors.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity in an aging HIV population. However, risk estimation with the most frequent equations usually classifies HIV patients as having a low or moderate risk. Several studies have described a very high prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis in a middle-aged, non-HIV population. There is insufficient body of knowledge to understand if this is the case in people living with HIV (PLWH). We aim to calculate the proportion of patients with subclinical atherosclerosis in a single site cohort of HIV-infected subjects. METHODS: We have analyzed chronically HIV infected adults (≥ 18 years) who were on active follow-up in an HIV unit specialized in the care of cardiovascular health. The most recent clinical visit and vascular ultrasonography were used to assess the objectives of our research. Our primary objective was to describe the proportion of participants with subclinical atherosclerosis (focal protrusion into the lumen > 0.5 mm or > 50% of the surrounding IMT or a diffuse thickness > 1.5 mm) in a single site cohort of PLWH. Carotid and iliofemoral territories were evaluated. As a secondary objective we have run a multivariate analysis to determine which HIV and non-HIV factors might be related with the presence of atherosclerotic plaques. Findings We included a total of 463 participants between November 2017 to October 2019. Subjects were predominantly male (84.2%) with a mean age of 48.8 years (SD 10.7). Hypercholesterolemia (36%) was the most prevalent comorbidity followed by Hypertension (18%) and Hypertriglyceridemia (16%). Mean duration of HIV infection is 12.3 years. Overall, participants had been receiving cART for a median of 9.5 years. Subclinical atherosclerosis was found in 197 subjects (42.5%; CI 95% [38.0-47.2]). The disease was found more frequently in the femoral arteries (37.8%) than in the carotid vascular bed (18.6%). Despite some HIV factors correlated with the presence of plaques in a univariate analysis (e.g., time with HIV-1 RNA > 50 copies/mL or time from HIV diagnosis), the only two explanatory factors that remained associated with the presence of atherosclerotic plaques in the multivariate analysis were smoking (OR 5.47, 95% CI 3.36 - 8.90) and age (OR 1.13, 95%CI 1.10 - 1.16). Interpretation We have found a very high prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis among our cohort of PLWH. Despite having analyzed several HIV factors, age and smoking have been found to be the only factors associated with the development of atherosclerotic plaques.

Development of a Photoinduced Chemiluminescent Method for the Determination of the Herbicide Quinmerac in Water.

A new, simple, and sensitive method, based on photoinduced chemiluminescence, was developed for the determination of quinmerac. The photoproduct, obtained after ultraviolet irradiation in basic medium, was mixed with sodium sulfite (sensitizer), and Ce(IV) (oxidant) in acid medium. A wide linear dynamic range (2-600 ng mL(-1)) and a limit of detection of 0.6 ng mL(-1) were obtained without any pretreatment (0.08 ng mL(-1) after solid-phase extraction). The determination was performed using a flow-injection manifold, which allowed a high throughput (144 h(-1)). The interday reproducibility was 5.6% (n = 5), and the intraday repeatability was 3.9 and 2.9% for 20 and 200 ng mL(-1) of quinmerac, respectively (n = 21). Finally, the method was applied to surface water and groundwater, with recoveries ranging from 78.1 to 94.5%.